Ngā Tikanga Tatauranga i roto i te Rangahau Hapori
Pendahuluan
Ko te tatauranga he peka pūtaiao e aro ana ki te kohikohi, te tātari, te whakamārama, me te whakaatu i ngā raraunga. I roto i te rangahau pāpori, he mea nui te mahi a ngā tatauranga ki te whakarato i tētahi anga pakari mō te whakamātautau i ngā whakapae, te kimi i ngā tauira, me te whakatau i ngā whakatau i runga i ngā raraunga wheako. Ehara i te mea ko ngā tikanga tatauranga anake te āwhina i te whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga pāpori engari me te mārama hoki ki ngā whanaungatanga take i waenga i ngā taurangi pāpori. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga tatauranga maha e whakamahia ana i roto i te rangahau pāpori, tae atu ki ngā tatauranga whakaahua, ngā tatauranga whakatau, me ngā huarahi maha-taurangi.
Ngā Tatauranga Whakaahuatanga
Ko te whāinga o ngā tatauranga whakaahua he whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui, i tētahi whakarāpopototanga rānei o ngā raraunga i kohia mai i ngā kaupapa rangahau. Ko tēnei tikanga te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te tātari raraunga, ā, ko te tatau i ngā inenga o te ia matua, pērā i te toharite, te tau waenga, me te aratau, tae atu ki ngā inenga o te marara, pērā i te whānuitanga, te rerekētanga, me te paerewa rerekētanga.
1. Toharite: Ko te toharite te tapeke o ngā uara katoa kua wehea ki te maha o ngā kitenga. Ka whakaratohia he whakaaro whānui mō te "pūwāhi waenga" o ngā raraunga.
2. Tau waenga: Ko te tau waenga te uara waenga o tētahi huinga raraunga kua whakarōpūtia. He mea whai hua tēnei ina kei roto i ngā raraunga ngā mea o waho ka pā ki te tau toharite.
3. Aratau: Ko te aratau te uara e puta pinepine ana i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga. He mea whai hua mō te tautuhi i ngā au, i ngā tauira rānei e tino kitea ana i roto i ngā raraunga.
4. Rerekētanga me te Paerewa Rerekētanga: Ka ine te rerekētanga i te tawhiti o te horapa o ngā raraunga mai i te toharite, ko te paerewa rerekētanga ia ko te pūtake tapawhā o te rerekētanga. He mea nui ēnei inenga e rua hei mārama ki te rerekētanga o ngā raraunga.
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā kauwhata me ngā ripanga, pērā i ngā histogram, ngā tūtohi pae, me ngā tūtohi porowhita, hei whakaatu i ngā tatauranga whakaahua, kia mārama ai ngā kairangahau me ngā kaipānui ki ngā mea e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa.
Ngā Tatauranga Whakatau
Ko te tatauranga whakatau tata ko te whakamahi i ngā raraunga tauira hei whakaputa whakatau whānui, hei whakatau rānei mō tētahi taupori nui ake. He mea tino nui tēnei tikanga i roto i te rangahau pāpori nā te mea he maha ngā wā kāore e taea te kohikohi raraunga mai i te taupori katoa.
1. Te Whakamātautau Whakaaro: Ko te whakamātautau whakaaro ko te tukanga whakatau i runga i ngā raraunga tauira. Ka whakaarohia he whakaaro kore me tētahi whakaaro rerekē, ā, ka whakamahia ngā tatauranga whakamātautau pēnei i te whakamātautau-t, ANOVA (Tātari Rerekētanga), te whakamātautau chi-square rānei hei whakatau mēnā he nui ngā taunakitanga hei whakakore i te whakaaro kore.
2. Ngā Wā Whakawhirinakitanga: Ko te wā whakawhirinakitanga he whānuitanga o ngā uara e whakamahia ana hei whakatau tata i tētahi tawhā taupori me tētahi taumata whakawhirinakitanga, hei tauira, 95%. Ka whakaratohia he huarahi hei ine i te koretake o ngā whakatau tata tawhā.
3. Whakamuri: Ka whakamahia te whakamuri hei whakatauira i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi e rua, neke atu rānei. Ka tūhuratia e te whakamuri rārangi māmā te whanaungatanga i waenga i tētahi taurangi motuhake (matapae) me tētahi taurangi whakawhirinaki (tauhohe), ko te whakamuri rārangi maha ia e pā ana ki te neke atu i te kotahi te taurangi motuhake.
Huarahi Maha-Taurangi
Ka whakamahia te huarahi maha-taurangi ina hiahia ngā kairangahau ki te tātari i ngā taurangi neke atu i te rua i te wā kotahi. He mea nui tēnei tikanga i roto i ngā rangahau pāpori, ina he uaua ngā āhuatanga e akohia ana, ā, he maha ngā āhuatanga e pāngia ana.
1. Tātaritanga Tauwehe: Ka whakamahia te tātaritanga tauwehe hei tautuhi i ngā hanganga matua o ngā raraunga mā te whakarōpū i ngā taurangi e tino hono ana tetahi ki tetahi. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia i roto i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā tauine hinengaro me te pāpori me ngā pātai.
2. Tātari Rōpū: Ka whakamahia te tātari rōpū hei whakarōpū i ngā kaupapa rangahau ki ngā rōpū ōrite i runga i ētahi āhuatanga. He whai hua tēnei tikanga i roto i te wehewehe mākete, te whakatau rōpū mōrearea, me ngā rangahau hapori.
3. Tātari Ara: Ko te tātari ara he tikanga e whakamahia ana hei tūhura i ngā whanaungatanga take-me-pānga i waenga i ngā taurangi i roto i tētahi tauira uaua. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakamātautau i ngā whanaungatanga tika me ngā whanaungatanga ā-kore i waenga i ngā taurangi.
4. Te Whakatauira Whārite Hanganga (SEM): He tikanga whānui ake te SEM i te tātari ara, nā te mea ka taea te whakamātautau i ngā whanaungatanga maha i waenga i ngā taurangi huna me ngā taurangi ine i te wā kotahi.
Te Whakamahinga o te Pūmanawa Tatauranga
I roto i te mahi, ka whakamahia ngā pūmanawa motuhake pēnei i te SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), SAS, R, STATA, me ētahi atu mō te tātari raraunga, ā, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te mahi i ngā tikanga tatauranga uaua me te whai hua me te tika.
1. SPSS: Ko te SPSS tētahi o ngā pūmanawa tatauranga rongonui e whakamahia ana i roto i te rangahau pāpori. He atanga ngāwari ki te whakamahi a te SPSS, ā, he whānuitanga o ngā mahi mō te tātari whakaahua, tātari whakatau, me te tātari maha-taurangi.
2. R: He pūmanawa tino ngāwari, tuwhera-pūtake a R e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ao mātauranga. He whānui ngā āheinga tātari tatauranga a R, ā, ka taea te whakawhānui ake mā te whakamahi i ngā momo mōkihi tāpiri.
3. STATA: He pūmanawa a STATA e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mara o te ōhanga me te pāpori-taupori. E mōhiotia ana a STATA mō tōna tere me tōna whai huatanga ki te tātari raraunga uaua.
Ngā Wero Matatika me ngā Whakaaroaro
Ahakoa te kaha o ngā tikanga tatauranga, he maha ngā wero me ngā whakaaro matatika me whai whakaaro ki ngā rangahau pāpori.
1. Hapa Tauira: Ka taea e te hapa tauira te whakararu i ngā hua rangahau. Nō reira, me whiriwhiri he tikanga tauira tika hei whakarite i te āhua rite o te tauira.
2. Hapa Ine: Ka pāngia te mana me te pono o ngā kitenga rangahau e ngā hapa ine taurangi. He mea nui te whakamana i ngā taputapu ine kia tika ai ngā raraunga.
3. Ngā Tikanga Matatika Rangahau: Me piri ngā kairangahau pāpori ki ngā mātāpono o ngā tikanga matatika rangahau, tae atu ki te whakaute i te tūmataitinga me te noho muna o ngā kaiwhakautu, te whiwhi whakaaetanga tika, me te karo i te whakamahi hē i ngā raraunga.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a ngā tikanga tatauranga i roto i te rangahau pāpori mā te whakarato taputapu mō te whakaahua, te tātari, me te whakamārama raraunga. Mā ngā tatauranga whakaahua ka whakaratohia he tirohanga whānui tuatahi o ngā raraunga, engari mā ngā tatauranga whakatau ka taea e ngā kairangahau te hanga whakatau whānui mō te taupori. Mā te huarahi maha-taurangi ka taea te tātari i ngā whanaungatanga uaua i waenga i ngā taurangi pāpori.
Ahakoa te kaha o ngā tikanga tatauranga i roto i te rangahau pāpori, me tino tupato te whakamahi, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā mahanga pea me ngā whakaaro matatika. Mā te māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā tikanga tatauranga me tā rātou whakamahinga, ka taea e ngā kairangahau pāpori te whakaputa i ngā kitenga pakari me te whai hua hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori uaua.
