Ngā Tikanga Tatauranga i roto i te Pūtaiao Tōrangapū
He maha ngā wā ka māramahia te pūtaiao tōrangapū hei ako i te mana, i ngā umanga, i ngā whanonga tōrangapū, i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui, me ngā whanaketanga pāpori e hanga ana i ngā whakataunga ā-rōpū. Heoi, i tua atu i ngā tautohetohe whakaaro, i ngā rautaki kaupapa, tae noa ki te hanga ture, kei reira te hiahia matua: kia mārama ki ngā tauira me te whakamārama i te take me te pānga i runga ake i te pūnaha. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai ngā tikanga tatauranga. Ka āwhina ngā tatauranga i ngā kaipūtaiao tōrangapū ki te tukatuka raraunga, ki te whakamātautau i ngā ariā, ki te whakataurite i ngā take, me te whakatau i ngā whakatau pono. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te tūranga, ngā momo, me ngā whakamahinga o ngā tikanga tatauranga i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū, tae atu ki ngā wero e pā pinepine ana ki a rātou.
He aha te hiranga o ngā tatauranga i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū?
He uaua ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū, ā, he maha ngā āhuatanga e uru ana: te ōhanga, te ahurea, ngā hanganga whakahaere, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pāpāho, tae atu ki ngā tuakiri rōpū. Ki te kore he taputapu tauanga, ka tūpono te tātari tōrangapū kia mauheretia e ngā kōrero pakiwaitara, e ngā whakaaro noa iho rānei. Ka tukuna e ngā tatauranga he anga mō te whakautu i ngā pātai pēnei i: he aha ngā āhuatanga e awe ana i te kōwhiringa a te pōti? ka whakaitihia e te kaupapa here te rawakore, te whānui ake rānei i te kore taurite? me pēhea te pānga o te pūnaha pōti ki te maha o ngā rōpū? ka piki ake te wehewehenga i roto i te wā?
Hei tāpiritanga, ka whakarei ake hoki ngā tatauranga i te kawenga rangahau. Mā ngā tikanga mārama—mai i te kohikohi raraunga me te whakamāramatanga taurangi ki ngā tikanga tātari me te whakamātautau whakapae—ka mārama ake te rangahau, ā, ka taea te tāruarua.
Ngā Momo Raraunga i roto i te Rangahau Tōrangapū
Ko te whakamahinga o ngā tatauranga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo raraunga e whakamahia ana. I roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū, ko ētahi momo raraunga noa ko:
1. Ngā raraunga rangahau: i ahu mai i ngā pātai mō ngā whakaaro o te marea, ngā whanonga pōti, te whakawhirinaki ki ngā umanga, ngā waiaro rānei ki ngā kaupapa here. Ka taea te rangahau te whakawhiti-wāhanga, te röpü rānei (te ine i ngā kaiwhakautu ōrite mō ngā wā maha).
2. Ngā raraunga pōtitanga: te tokomaha o ngā kaipōti i tae mai, te whai wāhi mai o ngā kaipōti, te tohatoha pōti mā ia rohe, me ngā raraunga kaitono. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ēnei raraunga hei tātari i te whakataetae tōrangapū me te māngai.
3. Ngā raraunga ā-pūnaha me ngā raraunga kaupapa here: hei tauira, te maha o ngā whakakorenga a te perehitini, ngā ture pōtitanga, te tātaitai manapori, te whakapaunga a te iwi, ngā ture tari rānei.
4. Raraunga raupapa wā: ngā raraunga kua whakaritea i runga i te wā, hei tauira, ngā reiti pikinga utu, ngā whakaaturanga, te ōrau tautoko rānei mō te kāwanatanga i ia marama, i ia marama.
5. Raraunga rōpū: he huinga raraunga puta noa i ngā rohe/whenua me te wā, hei tauira, raraunga mai i ngā kawanatanga 30 i roto i ngā tau 10.
6. Ngā raraunga tuhinga me ngā pāpāho: ngā whaikōrero tōrangapū, ngā purongo, ngā pou pāpāho pāpori, ngā tuhinga kaupapa here. Inaianei ka tātarihia ēnei mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tauanga pērā i te tātari kare ā-roto, te whakatauira kaupapa rānei.
Ngā Tatauranga Whakaahua: Te Pūtake o te Tātari Tōrangapū
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi o te rangahau tauanga ka tīmata mā te tatauranga whakaahua, he tikanga mō te whakarāpopototanga raraunga. Ahakoa te āhua māmā noa iho, he mea nui te tatauranga whakaahua hei whakatau i te kounga o ngā tātaritanga e whai ake nei.
Ko ētahi tauira o ngā tono ko te tatau i te toharite o te hunga pōti mō ia kawanatanga, te tirotiro i te tohatoha o ngā manakohanga rōpū mā te reanga tau, te mahere rānei i ngā au o te whakawhirinaki a te iwi ki ngā whare ture. Ko ngā inenga pēnei i te toharite, te tau waenga, te aratau, me te rerekētanga, me ngā whakaaturanga (kauwhata pae, histogram, mahere kaupapa) ka āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te tautuhi i ngā tauira wawe me te kite i ngā rerekētanga.
Whakatau Tatauranga: Te Whakawhanui mai i ngā Tauira ki ngā Taupori
Nā te mea kāore e taea te tirotiro i te taupori katoa, he maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā kaipūtaiao tōrangapū me ngā tauira. Mā te whakatau tatauranga ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakatau tata i ngā āhuatanga o te taupori me te whakamātautau i ngā whakapae.
Ko ngā tikanga whakatau taketake ko:
– Ngā whakatau tata me ngā āputa whakapono: hei tauira, te whakatau tata i te taumata tautoko mō tētahi kaitono he iti nei te tawhā hapa.
– Te whakamātautau whakapae: hei tauira, te whakamātautau mēnā he hiranga ā-tatauranga te rerekētanga o te tautoko i waenga i ngā rōpū mātauranga iti me ngā rōpū mātauranga teitei.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mārama ko te hiranga o te tatauranga ehara i te mea he nui rawa, he mea nui rānei. Nō reira, e aro nui ana hoki te pūtaiao tōrangapū hou ki ngā rahi pānga pūrongo me ngā whakamāramatanga e pā ana ki te tōrangapū.
Whakamuri: Te Whakamārama i te Hononga i waenga i ngā Taurangi
Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū ko te tātari whakatauira, nā te mea ka taea te aromatawai i te awe o ētahi taurangi i te wā kotahi.
1. Ka whakamahia te whakatautau rārangi (OLS) ina he tau te taurangi whakawhirinaki, hei tauira, te kaute manapori, te reiti whai wāhi, te maha rānei o ngā kaupapa here i paahitia.
2. Ka whakamahia te whakatauira arorau ina he rua te taurangi whakawhirinaki, pērā i te "pōti/kāore i pōti", te "toa/hinga", te "whakaae/whakahē" rānei.
3. Ka whakamahia te whakatauira maha-nomial/raupapa ina neke atu i te rua ngā kāwai o ngā kōwhiringa, hei tauira, te manakohanga rōpū (A, B, C) te taumata whakaae rānei (tino whakahē ki te tino whakaae).
I roto i ngā rangahau mō ngā whanonga pōti, ka whakamahia te whakatauira hei tirotiro i te awe o te moni whiwhi, te mātauranga, te tuakiri whakapono, te whakaaturanga pāpāho, ngā aromatawai rānei o te mahi a te kāwanatanga ki ngā kōwhiringa tōrangapū. I roto i ngā rangahau kaupapa here, ka āwhina te whakatauira ki te hono i ngā whakapaunga a te iwi ki ngā tohu oranga.
Tātari Taumata Maha me ngā Raraunga Horopaki
He maha ngā wā he whakarōpūtanga ngā raraunga tōrangapū: kei roto i ngā rohe ngā tāngata takitahi, ā, kei roto i ngā whenua ngā rohe. Mā ngā tauira maha-taumata (tauira whakarōpūtanga) ka taea e ngā kairangahau te wehewehe i ngā pānga takitahi mai i ngā pānga horopaki. Hei tauira, ka awehia ngā kōwhiringa pōti a te tangata e ōna āhuatanga whaiaro (tau, mātauranga) me tōna horopaki rohe (ngā taumata rawakore, te mana o te rōpū ā-rohe). Mā tēnei tikanga ka ārai i ngā whakatau hē e puta mai ana i te whakaranu i ngā taumata tātari.
Ngā Rangahau Raupapa Wā me ngā Huringa Tōrangapū
He maha ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū e hihiri ana: ka rerekē te tautoko i ngā kāwanatanga, ka nui haere, ka memeha rānei ngā pakanga, ā, ka rerekē ngā kaupapa here. Ka whakamahia te tātari raupapa wā hei mārama ki ngā au, ngā huringa, me te pānga o ngā kaupapa.
Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te tirotiro mēnā kei muri i tētahi raruraru ōhanga te hekenga o ngā whakatauranga whakaae, mēnā rānei ka pāngia te wehewehenga o te rōpū i ngā pōtitanga o muri mai e ngā huringa o ngā ture pōti. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te ARIMA, i ngā tauira wawao rānei hei hopu i ngā huringa i mua atu, i muri mai hoki i tētahi huihuinga.
Tikanga Taketake: Mai i te Hononga ki te Taketake
Ko te wero nui rawa atu i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū ko te wehewehe i te hononga mai i te take. Ina neke tahi ngā taurangi e rua, kāore tetahi e tino take i tetahi. Me tūpato ngā kairangahau ki ngā taurangi whakapoauau, te take whakamuri, me te whakaaro pōhewa ki te kōwhiringa.
Ko ētahi huarahi tatauranga ki te whakatau take ko:
– Ngā whakamātautau me ngā whakamātautau whakahaere matapōkere (RCT): hei tauira, te whakamātautau i te awe o ētahi karere kaupapa ki ngā waiaro o ngā kaipōti mā te tohatoha matapōkere.
– Ngā whakamātautau-haurua: pērā i te rerekētanga-i-ngā-rerekētanga, te kore haere tonu o te whakatauira, ngā taurangi taputapu rānei mō ngā āhuatanga kāore e taea te whakatau matapōkere.
– Te whakataurite me te kaute tūponotanga: te whakataurite i ngā waeine ōrite hei whakataurite i ngā rōpū i whiwhi i te "maimoatanga" me ērā kāore.
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o ngā tikanga take nā te mea he nui ngā rangahau pūtaiao tōrangapū e whai ana ki te whakamārama ehara i te mea ko "te aha i tupu," engari ko "te take i tupu ai" me "te pānga mēnā ka hurihia ngā kaupapa here."
Tātari Kuputuhi me ngā Raraunga Nui Tōrangapū
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau mōhiohio kua whānui ake ngā puna raraunga tōrangapū: pāpāho pāpori, ngā tomokanga pūrongo, ngā tuhinga a te kooti, me ngā tuhinga kaupapa here. Kei te whakamahia ngā tikanga tatauranga inaianei hei:
– te ine i ngā whakaaro o te marea mō ētahi take,
– te tautuhi i ngā kaupapa matua o tētahi whaikōrero, o tētahi whakapuakitanga rānei,
– te mahere i ngā whatunga o te tohatoha mōhiohio me te mōhiohio teka.
Heoi anō, he wero anō kei ngā raraunga matihiko: te whakaaro pōhewa (kāore ngā kaiwhakamahi pāpāho pāpori e tohu i te taupori), ngā āhuatanga o ngā raupaparorohiko tūāpapa, me ngā take matatika mō te tūmataitinga.
Ngā Wero me ngā Tikanga Matatika i roto i te Whakamahi Tatauranga
Kāore te whakamahinga o ngā tatauranga e whakamana tonu i te kounga o te rangahau. Ko ētahi o ngā take e ara ake pinepine ana ko:
1. Te kounga raraunga me te ine i ngā taurangi: he uaua ki te ine takitahi i ngā ariā pēnei i te "manapori", te "populism", te "whakawhirinakitanga".
2. Te whakaaro taunga tauira: kāore pea ngā rangahau e whakaatu i te tika o te tangata mena he uaua ake te toro atu ki ētahi kaiwhakautu.
3. Whakamāoritanga hē: he maha ngā wā ka he te whakamāoritanga o ngā uara-p, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakaarohia he hononga take te hononga.
4. Te māramatanga me te tāruarua: me whakaputa e ngā kairangahau ngā raraunga, te waehere tātari, me ngā tikanga horoi raraunga mēnā ka taea.
5. Ngā Tikanga Matatika: me tutuki te whakamahinga o ngā raraunga whaiaro, ngā whakamātautau mara, ngā tātari pāpāho pāpori rānei i te mātāpono o te tiaki kaupapa, kaua hoki e whakatupu kino pāpori.
Te Katinga
Kua noho ngā tikanga tatauranga hei wāhanga nui o te pūtaiao tōrangapū o ēnei rā. Mai i te whakaahua i ngā au o ngā whakaaro o te marea me te tātari i ngā whanonga pōti me ngā aromatawai kaupapa here ki te whakatauira take me ngā raraunga nui, ka āwhina ngā tatauranga i ngā kairangahau ki te whakarite i te uauatanga tōrangapū kia kitea he hua ka taea te ine. Heoi anō, me taurite te mana o ngā tatauranga ki te hoahoa rangahau tupato, te kounga raraunga, me te kawenga matatika. Hei whakamutunga, ehara ngā tatauranga i te whakakapinga mō te māramatanga nui ki te tōrangapū, engari he taputapu e whakapakari ana i ngā tautohetohe me te whakawhānui ake i tō tātou kaha ki te pānui i ngā mooni tōrangapū i runga ake i te pūnaha.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga hei putanga mātauranga katoa me ngā tohutoro (APA/Chicago), tāpirihia ngā tauira take Initonīhia, hangaia rānei kia rite ki tētahi pepa (whakarāpopototanga–whakataki–tikanga–hua–kōrero).
