Ngā Ariā Hinengaro-Hapori me tā rātou Whakamahinga i roto i te Hapori
Ko te hinengaro hinengaro pāpori he tirohanga e whakanui ana i te kore e taea te wehe i te oranga hinengaro o te tangata takitahi—pērā i ngā kare ā-roto, ngā huarahi whakaaro, me te hanganga tuakiri—mai i tōna horopaki pāpori, pērā i te whānau, te ahurea, te ōhanga, te mātauranga, me te hapori. I roto i te oranga o ia rā, ehara i te mea ko ngā āhuatanga o roto anake te "whakaahua" o te tangata, engari ko ngā whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu me ngā tikanga o te taiao. Nō reira, he mea nui ngā ariā pāpori hei āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama he aha te take e mahi ai te tangata i tā rātou mahi, me pēhea te whanaketanga o te tangata mai i te tamarikitanga ki te pakeketanga, me pēhea hoki te hanga a te hapori i tētahi taiao hauora hinengaro me te pāpori.
Anei ētahi ariā pāpori pāpori whai mana me ngā tauira o tā rātou whakamahinga i roto i te ao pāpori.
1. Te Ariā a Erik Erikson mō te Whanaketanga Hinengaro-Hapori
E waru ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga hinengaro-pāpori e whakaarohia ana e Erik Erikson e pā ana ki te tangata puta noa i tōna oranga. Kei roto i ia wāhanga he pakanga nui me whakatau kia pai ai te whanaketanga o te tangata. Hei tauira, i te wā o te taiohitanga, ka puta he pakanga tuakiri me te rangirua tūranga; ka ngana ngā tāngata ki te kimi "ko wai rātou" me tō rātou tūranga i roto i te hapori.
Te tono i roto i te hapori:
– Te mātauranga me te ārahi i ngā taiohi: Ka taea e ngā kura te whakarato i te ratonga tohutohu mahi, ngā mahi i waho o te kura, me ngā wāhi haumaru hei tūhura i ngā hiahia hei āwhina i ngā taiohi ki te hanga i tētahi tuakiri pai.
– Ngā kaupapa here e pai ana mō te whānau: I ngā wāhanga tōmua pēnei i te whakawhirinaki me te kore whakawhirinaki (ngā pēpi), ko te tautoko i ngā mātua (wā whakatā whānau, te urunga atu ki ngā ratonga hauora, te mātauranga mātua) ka āwhina i te hanga i te wairua haumaru o te tamaiti.
– Ngā kaupapa kaumātua: I te kaumātuatanga, ko ngā wāhanga o te ngākau pono me te ngakau pouri e pā ana ki te whakaae ki te ao. Ka taea e ngā kaupapa hapori kaumātua, ngā mahi pāpori, me ngā ratonga hauora hinengaro te āwhina i ngā kaumātua ki te kimi i te tikanga o te ao.
He whai hua te ariā a Erikson i roto i te hoahoa i ngā kaupapa pāpori nā te mea e whakanui ana i te rerekētanga o ngā hiahia hinengaro puta noa i te huringa ora.
2. Te Ariā Ahurea Hapori a Lev Vygotsky
I whakanui a Vygotsky ko te whanaketanga hinengaro me te whanaketanga hinengaro ka hangaia e ngā taunekeneke pāpori me ngā taunekeneke ahurea. Ko tētahi ariā matua ko te Rohe Whanaketanga Tata (ZPD)—te tawhiti i waenga i ngā pūkenga o nāianei o te tangata me ērā ka taea te whakatutuki mā te āwhina a ētahi atu (ngā kaiako, ngā hoa, ngā mātua). Ka kiia tēnei āwhina āta haere ko te scaffolding.
Te tono i roto i te hapori:
– Te ako tahi i roto i ngā kura: Ko ngā tikanga kōrero ā-rōpū, te akoako ā-hoa, me ngā kaupapa ā-rōpū e whakamahi ana i ngā taunekeneke pāpori hei whakapai ake i ngā pūkenga.
– Te whakamana i te hapori: He pai ake te whakangungu pūkenga (hei tauira, te mātauranga matihiko, te mahi pakihi) ina he kaiārahi, he aratohu, he mahi ā-ringa hoki, kaua ko ngā kauhau anake.
– Te whakaurunga ahurea ā-rohe: Ko ngā rauemi mātauranga me ngā kaupapa pāpori e whakamahi ana i te reo, ngā tauira me ngā uara ā-rohe, he mea ngāwari ake te whakaae me te whai pānga.
E kī ana tēnei ariā he nui te awe o te kounga o ngā whanaungatanga pāpori me te urunga atu ki te tautoko ako i te whanaketanga o te takitahi.
3. Te Ariā a Bronfenbrenner mō te Taiao Whanaketanga
E titiro ana a Urie Bronfenbrenner ki ngā tāngata takitahi e noho ana i roto i tētahi pūnaha taiao paparua:
– Pūnaha iti (whānau, kura, hoa)
– Mesosystem (ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā pūnaha moroiti, hei tauira, te mahi tahi a te whānau me te kura)
– Pūnaha taiao (ngā awe ā-kore pēnei i ngā mahi a ngā mātua, ngā ratonga tūmatanui)
– Pūnaha nui (ahurea, uara, kaupapa here)
– Te pūnaha ā-tau (ngā panonitanga i roto i te wā pērā i ngā mate urutā, ngā raruraru ōhanga)
Te tono i roto i te hapori:
– Ngā wawaotanga mō ngā tamariki e mōrearea ana: Kāore e ranea te aro atu ki ngā take pēnei i te whakarērea o te kura, te tukino rānei. Me whai huarahi pūnaha: te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenganui i te kura me ngā mātua, te tautoko hapori, me ngā kaupapa here tiaki tamariki.
– Te whakamahere tāone me ngā whare tūmatanui: Ko ngā wāhi tuwhera matomato, ngā pokapū mahi taiohi, te kawe waka haumaru, me te urunga atu ki ngā ratonga hauora hinengaro, he āhuatanga rauropi ēnei e tino awe ana i te oranga hinengaro-pāpori.
– Te urupare ā-raruraru: I ngā wā o te raruraru (hei tauira, he āituā, he mate urutā rānei), ka puta te ahotea i ngā huringa o te pūnaha ā-tau e pā ana ki ngā whānau me ngā tāngata takitahi. He mea nui te āwhina pāpori me ngā kaupapa whakaora hapori.
Mā te ariā rauropi ka āwhina ngā kāwanatanga me ngā whakahaere ki te mārama he onge te take o ngā raruraru pāpori-hāpori.
4. Te Ariā Tuakiri Hapori (Tajfel & Turner)
E whakamārama ana te ariā tuakiri pāpori ko tētahi wāhanga o tō tātou ariā whaiaro i ahu mai i te mema o te rōpū (hei tauira, te iwi, te whakapono, te whakahaere, te tīma rānei). Ka taea e tēnei te whakatairanga i te kotahitanga, engari ka taea hoki e ia te whakaoho i te whakaaro pākiki i roto i te rōpū (te tautoko i tētahi atu rōpū) me te whakahāwea i ētahi atu rōpū.
Te tono i roto i te hapori:
– Ngā kaupapa manawanui me te kōrero i waenga i ngā rōpū: Ko ngā mahi whakawhiti-hapori (ngā huihuinga tangata whenua, te ratonga hapori whakawhiti-RT, te mahi tahi a ngā taiohi whakawhiti-kura) ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te whakahāwea mā te whakapā pai.
– Ngā kaupapa here ārai-whakahāwea: Ngā ture e tiaki ana i ngā rōpū tokoiti, me te mātauranga tūmatanui hoki, ka ārai i te tūkinotanga pāpori.
– Te whakahaere i ngā pakanga pāpori: I roto i tētahi āhuatanga wehewehe, he mea nui kia waihangahia he tuakiri ngātahi (hei tauira, te tuakiri hei tāngata whenua o te tāone kotahi) me te kore e whakakore i ngā tuakiri o ngā rōpū rerekē.
He mea nui tēnei ariā mō ngā hapori maha-rōpū, nā te mea e whakamārama ana i ngā pūtake hinengaro o te kotahitanga me te pakanga.
5. Te Ariā Ako Hapori a Albert Bandura
I whakanui a Bandura ka ako te tangata mā te mātakitaki me te whakatauira. Ka taea te hanga i ngā whanonga, tae atu ki te riri me te aroha, e ngā tauira mai i ngā mātua, i ngā tino tangata rongonui, i ngā pāpāho rānei. I whakaurua mai anō e Bandura te ariā o te whai mana ki a ia anō, te whakapono ka taea e te tangata te mahi i tetahi mea—he mea nui ki te angitu.
Te tono i roto i te hapori:
– Ngā kaupapa whanonga hauora: He nui ake te whai hua o te whakatairanga i te horoi ringa, te whakamutu momi hikareti, te haumaru rori rānei mēnā ka whakaatuhia he tauira me ngā kōrero tūturu e ngāwari ana te whai.
– Te ārai i te tutu: Ko ngā tamariki e tipu ake ana me ngā tauira whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tukino kei te tūpono ki te whai i taua kōrero. He mea nui te whakangungu mātua pai me te mātauranga ārai-tukino i roto i ngā kura.
– Whakamana ōhanga: Mā te whakangungu mahi me ngā wheako angitu āta haere ka piki ake te whai mana ki a ia anō, kia nui ake ai te maia o te tangata ki te whakamātau i ngā mahi hou, ki te tīmata pakihi rānei.
He tino whai hua tēnei ariā nā te mea e arotahi ana ki te āhua o te hanga i ngā huringa whanonga mā te taiao me ngā tauira pāpori.
6. Te Ariā o ngā Hiahia a Abraham Maslow (Tirohanga Hinengaro-Hapori Tangata)
I whakawhanakehia e Maslow tētahi kaupapa whakarōpū o ngā matea: te āhua tinana, te haumaru, te aroha me te noho tahi, te whakaute, me te whakatinanatanga o te tangata anō. Ahakoa e kiia ana he "kaupapa whakarōpū pakari", he whai hua tonu tana whakaaro matua: kāore e taea e te tangata te whanake pai mena kāore ngā matea taketake e tutuki.
Te tono i roto i te hapori:
– Te aro atu ki te rawakore me te hauora hinengaro: Mā ngā kaupapa āwhina kai, ngā whare noho tika, me te inihua hauora ka taea te whakaiti i te ahotea mau tonu e whakararuraru ana i te mahi hinengaro.
– Te āhuarangi mahi hauora: Mā te wāhi mahi haumaru, e whakanui ana i ngā kaimahi, e whakarato ana hoki i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whanaketanga ka piki ake te hihiri me te oranga.
– Te whakapakari i te hapori: Mā ngā mahi pāpori, te tautoko rōpū, me te noho tahi i roto i te hapori ka whakatairanga i te hauora hinengaro ā-rōpū.
I āwhina a Maslow ki te hono i te kaupapa here pāpori me ngā matea hinengaro tūturu.
Te Katinga
E whakaatu ana ngā ariā hinengaro pāpori kāore e taea te mārama ki te tangata mai i te tirohanga takitahi anake, nā te mea ka hangaia te whanonga me te hauora hinengaro mā roto i ngā taunekeneke ki te taiao pāpori, te ahurea, me ngā hanganga pāpori. Ka āwhina a Erikson i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā hiahia whanaketanga i ia tau; ka whakanui a Vygotsky i te tūranga o te taunekeneke i roto i te ako; ka tūhura a Bronfenbrenner i ngā āhuatanga maha, mai i te whānau ki ngā kaupapa here; ka whakamārama a Tajfel rāua ko Turner i ngā hihiri rōpū me te tuakiri; ka whakaatu a Bandura me pēhea te whakarerekētanga o te whanonga e ngā tauira me te whai mana whaiaro; ā, ka whakanui a Maslow i te hiranga o te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia taketake mō te tipu.
Ko te whakamahinga o ēnei ariā i roto i te hapori ka taea te tango i te ahua o ngā kaupapa here e pai ana ki te whānau, ngā kura tautoko, ngā kaupapa hapori whakauru, ngā kaupapa tūmatanui e hangai ana ki te tauira mahi, me te hoahoa taiao hauora. Hei whakamutunga, ehara te huarahi hinengaro-pāpori i te ariā noa iho, engari he huarahi whakaaro e āwhina ana i a tātou ki te hanga i tētahi hapori atawhai tangata: te mārama ki ngā pūtake o ngā raruraru, te aukati i ngā mōrearea, me te whakapakari i te manawanui o ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā hapori.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi horopaki motuhake (hei tauira, te taiao kura, ngā ratonga hauora, ngā hapori taiwhenua/tāone nui, ngā take pēnei i te tukino, te waranga, me te hauora hinengaro o ngā taiohi) me te whakarite kia tata ki te 1000 kupu te maha o ngā kupu e ai ki te mahi.
