Te Ariā Hapori a Pierre Bourdieu
Ko Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) tētahi o ngā tohunga pāpori tino whai mana o te rautau 20. Kua whakamahia whānuitia āna mahi hei mārama ki te āhua o te whakaputa me te whakaputa mārire i te kore taurite pāpori i roto i te oranga o ia rā—ehara i te mea mā te moni me te mana tōrangapū anake, engari mā te mātauranga, te ahurea, ngā hiahia, ngā momo noho, me ngā whatunga pāpori anō hoki. I tuku a Bourdieu i ngā taputapu ariā kaha mō te pānui i te pāpori: ngā ariā o te habitus, te mara, me ngā momo momo whakapaipai. Mā roto i ēnei ariā, i whakamārama ia he aha i mau tonu ai ngā hanganga pāpori me te āhua e taea ai te huri.
Papamuri: Te Hanganga Hononga me te Mana Whakahaere
E rua ngā wāhanga o te hapori matarohia: ko te huarahi hanganga, e aro nui ana ki te mana o ngā umanga me ngā ture pāpori; me te huarahi whakahaere, e aro nui ana ki te kōwhiringa takitahi. E ngana ana a Bourdieu ki te hono i ngā mea e rua. E kī ana ia kāore te mahi takitahi i te tino herekore, i te tino whakatau rānei. Ka mahi ngā tāngata takitahi i runga i ngā whakaaro i hangaia e ō rātou wheako ora, i roto i ngā hanganga pāpori motuhake, me roto i te wāhi whakataetae me ōna ake ture.
Hei karo i te whakaaro whakaitiiti "ko ngā mea katoa e whakatauhia ana e te hanganga" me te "ko ngā mea katoa he hua o te kōwhiringa whaitake", i whakawhanakehia e Bourdieu tētahi huarahi e kite ana i ngā mahi pāpori hei hua o te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā āhua o roto (habitus) me ngā āhuatanga o waho (arena/marae), me te whakapaipai hei rauemi matua e tūpono ana, e tautohetia ana.
Habitus: Ngā Āhuatanga e Ārahi ana i te Mahi
Ko te ariā o te habitus te mea nui ki te whakaaro o Bourdieu. Ko te habitus he kohinga o ngā āhua - ngā momo kare ā-roto, whakaaro, whakatau, me te mahi - i hangaia i roto i ngā wheako pāpori roa, inā koa mai i te tamarikitanga. Ehara te habitus i te ture tuhituhi, engari he "tikanga kua whakatōkia" e akiaki ana i te tangata ki te mahi i tētahi ara me te kore e mōhio tonu ki taua mea.
Ngā tauira māmā: te āhua o te kōrero, te āhua o te noho, ngā kai e pai ana ki a ia, te āhua o te whakautu ki te mana, tae atu ki te whakapono ki a ia anō i roto i te taiao mātauranga. Ko te tangata nō te whānau kua taunga ki ngā pukapuka, ki ngā kōrero, me ngā whare wānanga, ka whanake i tētahi tikanga e pai ake ai rātou ki te kura, ki te whare wānanga rānei. I tetahi atu taha, ko te tangata i tipu ake i te ao mātauranga, tera pea ka māharahara, ka ngoikore rānei, ahakoa he rite tonu rātou ki ō rātou hoa.
E whakamārama ana a Habitus he aha ngā mahi pāpori e āhua noa ana, e "noa ana," i te mea ko te hua tonu o ngā tukanga pāpori. E whakamārama ana hoki he aha ka puta anō te kore taurite: ehara i te mea nā te mea "kāore ngā tāngata takitahi e ngana," engari nā te mea kāore i te tohatohahia ngā āhua me ngā whai wāhitanga pāpori.
Papa (Arena): Wāhi Pakanga Hapori
Ko te ariā o tētahi papa tākaro, he wāhi rānei e pā ana ki tētahi wāhi pāpori motuhake e whakataetae ana ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū mō te tūranga, te mana, me ngā rauemi. He ture, he hiranga, he uara hoki tō ia mara. Hei tauira, ko te mātauranga, te toi, te tōrangapū, te kairīpoata, te ōhanga, me ngā mātauranga.
Hei tauira, i roto i ngā mahi toi, ko te mōhio ki te ataahua, te rongonui o te kaitiaki taonga, me te taketake o te mahi toi he mea nui ake i te moni anake. I tetahi atu taha, i roto i te ao pakihi, ko te hua me te whai huatanga pea ngā ine matua. Heoi, kāore ēnei mara i te tino wehe kē; he maha tonu ngā wā ka puta he pakanga i waenga i ngā arorau. Hei tauira, ina kaha rawa te urunga mai o te arorau mākete ki te mātauranga, ka taea e te mātauranga te noho hei taonga hokohoko.
Ko te tūranga o te tangata i roto i tētahi mara e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui me te momo whakapaipai kei a ia—me te pai o te hanganga o taua whakapaipai ki te uara o taua mara.
Pūtea: Ehara i te Moni anake
I whakawhānui ake a Bourdieu i te ariā o te whakapaipai. Haunga te whakapaipai ōhanga, i whakanuia e ia ko te whakapaipai ahurea, pāpori, me te whakapaipai tohu te mea nui e whakatau ana i ngā tūponotanga o te oranga o te tangata.
1. Te whakapaipai ōhanga
I roto i te ahua o te moni, ngā rawa, me ngā rauemi ā-tinana. Koinei ngā mea ngāwari ki te ine, ā, he maha ngā wā ka noho hei pūtake mō te kore taurite tuturu.
2. Te whakapaipai ahurea
I roto i te āhua o te mātauranga, ngā pūkenga, te mātauranga, te momo reo, ngā hiahia, me ētahi atu pūkenga ahurea whai uara. Ko te āhua o te whakapaipai ahurea ko:
– Te whakatinanatanga: te piri ki a koe anō (te āhua o te kōrero, ngā tikanga pānui, ngā hiahia).
– Ngā mea whaihua: ngā taonga ahurea (ngā pukapuka, ngā mahi toi, ngā taonga puoro).
– Te whakaū i te mana whakahaere: te whakamihi mana pēnei i ngā tohu me ngā tohu paetahi.
3. Te pūtea pāpori
Ko tōna āhua he whatunga whanaungatanga me ngā hononga: hoa, whānau, hapori, tauira tawhito, hononga ngaio rānei e taea ai te tautoko me te urunga atu. Ko te pūtea pāpori te mea e whakatau ana i te urunga atu ki ngā mahi, kaupapa, karahipi, whai wāhitanga pakihi rānei.
4. Te whakapaipai tohu
I roto i te āhua o te honore, te mana, te ingoa pai, me te mana whaimana. He maha ngā wā ka puta te whakapaipai tohu hei "mana" hei "ingoa nui" rānei. He mana tēnei nā te mea e mōhiotia ana e ētahi atu. Hei tauira, ka taea e te tohu paetahi mai i tētahi whare wānanga rongonui te mahi hei whakapaipai tohu e āwhina ana i te whiwhi whakawhirinakitanga.
Ka taea te whakawhiti i ēnei momo whakapaipai e whā. Ka taea e te whakapaipai ōhanga te hoko mātauranga (whakapaipai ahurea) me te hanga whatunga (whakapaipai pāpori), ka puta ai he ingoa rongonui (whakapaipai tohu). Heoi, ehara i te mea ngāwari te whakawhiti whakapaipai; he arai paerewa me te arai ahurea e aukati ana i ētahi tāngata ki te "neke ake i te arawhata" tere atu i ētahi atu.
Doxa me te Mana Tohu: Ina He Noa te Tauritekore
I kōrero anō a Bourdieu mō te ariā o te doxa, arā, ngā whakapono taketake e whakaaetia ana hei "pono" kāore e taea te whakahē i roto i tētahi mara, i tētahi hapori rānei. Mā te Doxa ka āhua tūturu te tikanga o nāianei. Hei tauira, ko te whakaaro he tika te hunga "mātau" ki te haere ki ngā kura rangatira, he "mātauranga" ake rānei ētahi reo. Heoi, ko te ine o te "mātau" me te "mātauranga" e pā ana ki te whakapaipai ahurea kua tukuna iho, kua akohia hoki i roto i te wā.
Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai te mana tohu: te kaha o tētahi rōpū ki te tautuhi i te mea e kiia ana he mea noa, he mea kounga teitei, he mea tika, he mea tika hoki. Ehara i te mea he mana ā-tinana tonu tēnei; engari he mahi mārire mā te reo, te mātauranga, me te mana whakahaere. He maha ngā wā ka whakaaetia ēnei paerewa e ngā tāngata e whakahaerehia ana, ā, ka whakapae rātou i a rātou anō ina kore e tutuki i a rātou ngā paerewa teitei e kiia nei e rātou.
Te Whakaputa Uri Hapori mā te Mātauranga
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Bourdieu ko tana tātaritanga i te mātauranga hei tikanga whakaputa uri pāpori. Ko te mea tino pai, ka kitea te kura hei taputapu mō te nekenekehanga pāpori: ko te hunga e kaha ana ki te ako ka angitu. Heoi, i whakaatu a Bourdieu ka taea hoki e te kura te whakapakari i te kore taurite nā te mea he rite tonu te pūnaha mātauranga ki te utu i ētahi momo ahurea - he maha ake ngā wā e mau ana i ngā akomanga waenga me ngā akomanga o runga.
Hei tauira, ko te pūkenga ki te tuhituhi tuhinga roa, ki te kōrero ōkawa, ki te tirotiro i ngā rauemi pānui, ki te whakamahi rānei i ngā momo tautohetohe e kiia ana he "pai" ehara i te mea he mea noa iho. He pai ake te whakarite o ngā tamariki nō ngā whānau e mōhio ana ki ngā taiao mātauranga, ahakoa kāore i te tino rerekē te taumata o ō rātou mātauranga i ētahi atu tamariki. Nō reira, ko te angitu i te kura te āhua nei he hua nō te taranata takitahi, engari e pā ana ki te tuku iho pāpori.
Te Reka me te Wehewehenga: Te Ahurea hei Tohu mō te Akomanga
Mā roto i tana mahi, Distinction, e whakaatu ana a Bourdieu ehara te reka ataahua—i roto i te puoro, i te kai, i te toi, me te kākahu—i te mea he hiahia whaiaro noa iho. He huarahi anō hoki te reka hei wehewehe i te akomanga. He maha ngā wā ka whakatakotohia e ngā rōpū rangatira te paerewa mō te "reka teitei," me te whakaaro he iti ake te pai o ētahi atu. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, ka mahi te ahurea hei rautaki tohu mō te pupuri i te tūranga pāpori.
Hei tauira, ko te hiahia motuhake ki te puoro matarohia, ki te puoro jazz rānei he tohu pea mō te whakapaipai ahurea; ko te hiahia ki te ahurea rongonui ka kiia he "kounga iti iho." Ehara i te mea ko te kounga o te mahi anake te kaupapa o tēnei aromatawai, engari ko ngā whanaungatanga mana e whakatau ana i te mea e tika ana kia kiia he mea nui.
Te Hiranga o Bourdieu i te Wā o Nāianei
Kei te whai tikanga tonu te ariā a Bourdieu mō te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o nāianei. Hei tauira, i runga i ngā pāpāho pāpori, ka taea e te whakapaipai tohu te whakaatu i roto i te ahua o te maha o ngā kaiwhaiwhai, te manatoko pūkete, te ahua "rangatira" rānei. Ka hangaia te whakapaipai pāpori mā roto i ngā whatunga matihiko. Ka kitea te whakapaipai ahurea i roto i ngā momo reo, ngā manakohanga, me te whakaaturanga whaiaro. Kei te puta ake anō ngā mara hou: te mara kaiwhakatairanga, te mara tīmatanga, te mara kaihanga ihirangi rānei, ia tangata me ōna ake ture me ngā puna mana.
Heoi anō, kei te mahi tonu ngā tikanga whakaputa uri. Ko te urunga atu ki ngā taputapu, te wā waatea, te mātauranga matihiko, me ngā whatunga mahi tahi he mea pai ake ki te hunga kua whai pūtea ōhanga me te pūtea pāpori. Arā, ka taea e te hangarau te whakatuwhera i ngā whai wāhitanga, engari kāore e whakakore aunoa i te kore taurite.
Te Katinga
Mā te ariā pāpori a Pierre Bourdieu tātou e āwhina ki te mārama ko te kore taurite pāpori e mau tonu ana ehara i te mea mā te moni me ngā kaupapa here anake, engari mā roto hoki i ngā tikanga, ngā hiahia, te mātauranga, te reo, me te mōhiotanga. Mā roto i ngā ariā o te tikanga, te mara, me te whakapaipai, ka whakamārama a Bourdieu me pēhea te hanga o ngā mahi takitahi e te hītori pāpori me te puta i roto i te ao whakataetae e kī ana i ngā rautaki. Ka tono ia kia kite tātou ko te mea e ahua "noa" ana, e "taiao" ana, he maha ngā wā he hua o te mana tohu ngawari e mahi ana.
Mā te pānui i te hapori mā te tirohanga a Bourdieu, ka taea e tātou te aro nui ake ki ngā tikanga e mau tonu ai te kore taurite—ā, i te wā kotahi ka kitea he wāhi mō te huringa: mā te whakawhānui i te urunga atu ki te whakapaipai ahurea, te whakapakari i ngā whatunga pāpori whānui, me te arotake i te doxa kua roa e whakaaetia ana me te kore pātai.
