Te Ariā Mana Hapori me te Whakatutukitanga Ture
He mea matatini te hapori o ēnei rā, he maha ngā tikanga, ngā uara, me ngā ture e whakahaere ana i ngā whanonga takitahi o roto. Hei whakarite i te pumau me te tikanga o te hapori, he mea nui kia tutuki i ngā tāngata takitahi ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga o nāianei. He mea nui te ariā mana whakahaere hapori me te tutuki i ngā ture hei mārama ki te whakahaere a te hapori i ngā whanonga o ōna mema, me te mahi a te ture hei taputapu mō te whakatutuki i te tikanga hapori. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā mana whakahaere hapori me tōna takoha ki te tutuki i ngā ture i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē.
Ariā Mana Hapori: Whakamāramatanga me ngā Ariā Taketake
E whakamārama ana te ariā whakahaere pāpori i ngā tikanga me ngā tukanga e whakamahia ana e te hapori hei whakahaere i ngā whanonga takitahi me te whakaiti i te hē. Mai i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga o te pāpori, kua whakaarohia ngā ariā whakahaere pāpori e ngā tohunga pērā i a Emile Durkheim, Travis Hirschi, me Albert Reiss. E whakanui ana ēnei ariā he mea nui ngā tikanga me ngā uara ōrite ki te pupuri i te tikanga pāpori.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Ariā Mana Hapori
1. Mana Whakahaere Whaimana: Kei roto ko ngā umanga whaimana pēnei i te ture, ngā pirihimana, me te pūnaha whakawā e whai mana ana ki te whakatinana i ngā ture. Ko te mana whakahaere whaimana e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whiu me ngā moni whaina hei whakarite kia tutukihia ngā whakaritenga.
2. Mana Whakahaere Kore-Ā-Whai: Kei roto ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te whānau, ngā hoa, te kura, me te hapori. Ko te mana whakahaere kore-ā-whai ka aro nui ki ngā uara, ngā tikanga, me ngā tumanakohanga pāpori e ārahi ana i ngā whanonga takitahi. Ko ngā whiu pāpori pēnei i te tawai me te peinga te huarahi matua ki te pupuri i te tikanga.
3. Mana Whakahaere ā-Roto: E pā ana ki te whakahaere i a koe anō, te wāhi e whakauru ai ngā tāngata i ngā tikanga me ngā uara pāpori kia tutuki ai i a rātou ngā ture me te kore e hiahiatia he tirotiro ā-waho.
Te Ariā Mana Hapori i roto i te Whakatutukitanga Ture
Ko te tutuki i ngā ture te whakaaturanga matua o te mana whakahaere pāpori i roto i te horopaki ture. E ai ki te ariā mana whakahaere pāpori, ka tutuki i ngā tāngata te ture ehara i te mea nā te wehi i te whiu engari nā te mea kua uru ki roto i a rātou ēnei tikanga. Anei ētahi ariā nui e whakamārama ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mana whakahaere pāpori me te tutuki i ngā ture:
1. Te Ariā Here Hapori (Travis Hirschi)
E kī ana a Hirschi ko te kaha o ngā hononga pāpori te mea e whakatau ana i te taumata o te ngohengohe o te tangata ki te ture. E whā ngā wāhanga matua o ngā hononga pāpori:
– Te Piripiri: Ko te hononga o te tangata ki te whānau, ki ngā hoa, ki te hapori rānei, e kore ai e hiahia ki te takahi i ngā tikanga i te wehi kei ngaro te tautoko pāpori.
– Te Pūmautanga: Te haumitanga a te tangata ki ngā mahi pāpori pēnei i te mātauranga, te mahi rānei, e kore ai rātou e hiahia ki te whai i ngā tūponotanga ka kino pea ki tōna ingoa pai, ki tōna umanga rānei.
– Te Whai Wāhi: Te whai wāhi ki ngā mahi whai hua, e whakaiti ana i te tūponotanga o te mahi i ngā mahi hē.
– Te Whakapono: Ko te whakapono he tika, he whai hua hoki te mana o te ture, e akiaki ana i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ā-roto.
Ki te kaha ngā hononga pāpori, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka whai ngā tāngata i ngā ture, kei pāngia rātou e te pouri.
2. Te Ariā Ako Hapori (Albert Bandura)
Nā Bandura i whakawhanake te ariā ko te whanonga ka akohia mā te mātakitaki me te taunekeneke ki te taiao pāpori. Mā te mātakitaki i ētahi atu e whakaae ana, e takahi ana rānei i ngā ture me ngā hua ka pā ki a rātou, ka ako ngā tāngata takitahi he aha ngā whanonga e whakaaetia ana, e kore rānei e whakaaetia i roto i te hapori. He mahi nui tā ngā kaiwhakahaere pāpori pērā i ngā mātua, ngā kaiako, me ngā kaiārahi hapori i roto i tēnei tauira.
3. Te Ariā Anomie (Émile Durkheim rāua ko Robert K. Merton)
I kī a Durkheim ka puta te anomie (he āhua pōrearea matatika, he kore rānei o ngā tikanga) ina pāngia te hapori e ngā huringa nui e whakakorikori ana i tōna hanganga pāpori. Ka taea e te anomie te arahi ki te peka ke nā te mea e pōhēhē ana te tangata mō ngā tikanga hei whai. I whakawhānui ake a Merton i tēnei ariā mā te tāpiri atu ko te kore e taurite i waenga i ngā whāinga e hiahiatia ana me ngā huarahi e wātea ana hei whakatutuki i aua whāinga ka arahi ki te peka ke. Kei te pūnaha ture te mana ki te whakatika i te anomie mā te whakatū i ngā ture me ngā tumanakohanga mārama.
Ngā Whakamahinga Whaihua hei Whakapai ake i te Whakatutukitanga Ture
I roto i te mahi, ka whakaratohia e te ariā mana whakahaere pāpori he anga mō ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ki te hoahoa i ngā rautaki whai hua hei whakanui ake i te tutuki i ngā ture. Anei ētahi huarahi pea:
1. Te Whakapakari i ngā Hononga Hapori
Ka taea e ngā kaihanga kaupapa here te whakanui ake i ngā kaupapa e whakatairanga ana i te whai wāhi a te hapori, pērā i ngā rōpū taiohi me ngā kaupapa ārahi. Mā te whai wāhi pai a te hapori ka taea te whakapakari i ngā hononga pāpori me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā mahi taihara.
2. Mātauranga Ture me te Mōhiotanga
Mā ngā kaupapa mātauranga e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te ture me te pānga pāpori o te hara ka āwhina i te whakauru i ngā tikanga ki roto i te hapori. Mā ngā kaupapa tūmatanui me ngā kaupapa kura e whai tonu ana ka whakanui ake i te whakaute ki te ture.
3. Te Whakatinanatanga Ture Tika, Mārama hoki
Ka whakarei ake te whakawhirinaki o te marea i tētahi pūnaha ture tika, mārama hoki. Mēnā ka kite te iwi kei te whakamahia tonutia te ture, ā, kāore he whakaaro pōhēhē, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka tutuki i a rātou. Ko te whakapono ki te tika o te whakatinanatanga o te ture he wāhanga nui o te ariā mana whakahaere pāpori.
4. Te whakarato i ngā huarahi kē atu hei aro atu ki te pēhanga pāpori
Mā te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa e tuku ana i ngā huarahi hauora, whai hua hoki ina pāngia te tangata e ngā pēhanga pāpori, ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā whanonga hē. Hei tauira, ko ngā kaupapa whakaora mō ngā kaihara tarukino e tuku ana i ngā pūkenga mahi.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te ariā o te mana whakahaere pāpori me te ariā o te tutuki ture hei mārama ki te whakahaere a ngā hapori i ngā whanonga o ō rātou mema, me te whakarite i te tikanga pāpori. E whakaatu ana ēnei ariā i te tūranga o ngā mana whakahaere ōkawa, ōkawa, me ngā mana whakahaere ā-roto i roto i te whakahaere whanonga. I runga i ngā ariā maha pēnei i te Hononga Hapori, te Ako Hapori, me te Anomie, ka taea e tātou te mārama ko te tutuki ture ka puta mai i te huinga o ngā āhuatanga o waho me roto.
Mā te whakamahi i tēnei ariā i roto i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui me te whakatinanatanga o te ture ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te tutuki i ngā ture i roto i te hapori. Mā te huarahi whānui e uru ana ki te whakapakari i ngā hononga pāpori, te mātauranga, te tika i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te ture, me te whakarato i ngā huarahi pai, ka taea e te hapori te whakatutuki i ngā taumata teitei ake o te tutuki i ngā ture, me te hanga i tētahi taiao haumaru ake, ā, he pai ake hoki te whakaritenga mō ōna mema katoa.
