Te Ariā o te Whanaketanga Hapori me te Whanaketanga Hapori
Ko te whanaketanga pāpori tētahi o ngā ariā maha e mōhiotia ana i roto i te hapori pāpori me te mātauranga tangata hei mārama ki te whanaketanga o ngā hapori tangata i roto i te wā. E ngana ana tēnei ariā ki te whakamārama i te whanaketanga, te huringa, me te urutau o ngā hapori ki ō rātou taiao. I ahu mai i te ariā o te whanaketanga koiora i whakaurua mai e Charles Darwin, e titiro ana te ariā o te whanaketanga pāpori ki te huringa pāpori hei tukanga āta haere i awehia e ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te hangarau, te ōhanga, te tōrangapū, me te ahurea.
1. Te Whakamāramatanga me te Pūtake o te Ariā o te Whanaketanga Hapori
I whakaurua tuatahitia te ariā o te whanaketanga pāpori i te mutunga o te rautau 19 hei huarahi ki te whakamārama i te whanaketanga o ngā hapori tangata mai i ngā āhua māmā ki ngā āhua uaua. Ko ētahi o ngā tino tangata i uru ki te whanaketanga o tēnei ariā ko Herbert Spencer, ko Lewis Henry Morgan, me Edward Burnett Tylor.
He tohunga whakaaro me te tohunga hapori Ingarihi a Herbert Spencer, he paionia i te whanaketanga o te ariā o te whanaketanga pāpori. He rongonui ia mō tana kaupapa "ko te oranga o te mea tino pakari," i whakaurua i muri mai ki roto i te ariā o te whanaketanga koiora. I whakamahia e Spencer tēnei kaupapa ki te hapori, me te whakapono ko ngā hanganga pāpori tino kaha me te tino urutau ka ora, ka tupu.
2. Te Whanaketanga o te Ariā o te Whanaketanga Hapori
I roto i te wā, kua whanakehia, kua whakarerekētia hoki te ariā o te whanaketanga pāpori. E toru ngā wāhanga matua o te whanaketanga o tēnei ariā:
a. Te Whanaketanga Hapori Matarohia
I tēnei wāhanga, e whakaaro ana te ariā o te whanaketanga pāpori ka whanake ngā hapori mā roto i ngā wāhanga rārangi mai i te mea māmā ki te mea tino uaua. I kī ngā kaitātari pērā i a Morgan rāua ko Tylor ka haere ngā hapori tangata katoa i roto i ngā wāhanga whanaketanga ōrite, pērā i te hopu manu me te kohikohi, te ahuwhenua, kātahi ka ahumahi. I whakapono anō rātou ko te hangarau me te urutau ki te taiao ngā mea matua e akiaki ana i te whanaketanga pāpori.
b. Te Ao Hou o te Whanaketanga
I waenganui o te rautau 20, ka tīmata te rerekētanga o te ariā o te whanaketanga pāpori me te aranga ake o te neo-evolutionism, i arahina e ngā tāngata pēnei i a Leslie White rāua ko Julian Steward. I whakahē rātou i te tirohanga rārangi o te ariā tawhito, ā, i mōhio rātou kāore te whanaketanga pāpori e whai i te ara kotahi i roto i ngā hapori katoa. I whakaurua e White te ariā o te "pūngao" hei wāhanga matua o te whanaketanga pāpori, me te tautohe ko ngā iwi matatau ake e whakamahi ana i te pūngao he pai ake te whai hua.
I tētahi atu taha, nā Steward i whakawhanake te ariā o te "whanaketanga maha-rārangi," e whakanui ana i te whanaketanga o ngā hapori i roto i ngā momo huarahi rerekē i runga i te horopaki taiao me te hītori. He ngāwari ake, he whānui ake hoki tēnei huarahi i te ariā whanaketanga pāpori tawhito, ā, e whakaata ana i te uauatanga o te whanaketanga pāpori tangata.
c. Te Ariā Whanaketanga Hapori o Nāianei
Kei te whanake tonu te ariā o te whanaketanga pāpori i ēnei rā. He maha ngā tohunga pāpori me ngā tohunga tātai tangata o ēnei rā e whakakotahi ana i ngā huarahi whanaketanga me ētahi atu ariā, pērā i te ariā pūnaha me te ariā uauatanga. Ka tūhuratia e rātou ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā āhuatanga o roto me o waho e awe ana i te huringa pāpori, pērā i te awe o te ao whānui, te hangarau matihiko, me te huringa taiao.
3. Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Whanaketanga Hapori
He maha ngā āhuatanga ka pā ki te whanaketanga o te hapori me te whanaketanga o te hapori. Anei ētahi o aua mea:
a. Hangarau
He mea nui te hangarau hei ārahi i te whanaketanga pāpori. Mā ngā whanaketanga hangarau ka taea e ngā hapori te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te kawe waka. Mai i te hurihanga ahuwhenua ki te hurihanga ahumahi me te hurihanga matihiko o ēnei rā, he pānga nui tō te huringa hangarau ki ngā hanganga pāpori me ngā huarahi noho o te tangata.
b. Ōhanga
He mahi nui anō tā te ōhanga i roto i te whanaketanga pāpori. Mā ngā panonitanga o ngā pūnaha ōhanga, pērā i te whakawhiti mai i te ōhanga ahuwhenua ki te ōhanga ahumahi, ka taea e rātou te kawe mai i ngā panonitanga nui ki te hapori, tae atu ki ngā panonitanga o ngā hanganga akomanga pāpori, ngā whanaungatanga mahi, me te tohatoha taonga.
c. Ngā mahi tōrangapū
Ka awe anō hoki ngā pūnaha tōrangapū me ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga i te ahunga o te whanaketanga pāpori. Ka pā pea ngā huringa o ngā pūnaha kāwanatanga, pērā i te mana kingi ki te manapori, ki ngā hanganga pāpori me te tohatoha mana. Ko te pakanga, te koroni, me ngā nekehanga tōrangapū he maha ngā wā ka puta ai ngā huringa pāpori.
d. Ahurea me te Whakapono
He nui te awe o te ahurea me te whakapono ki te whanaketanga pāpori mā te hanga i ngā uara, ngā tikanga, me ngā whakapono e ahu mai ana i ngā mahi pāpori. Ka taea e ngā tikanga ahurea me ngā huringa o ngā pūnaha whakapono te whakatairanga i te auahatanga, te pupuri rānei i ngā tikanga tawhito i roto i te hapori.
Taiao
He mea nui anō hoki te taiao ā-tinana e noho ana te hapori ki te whanaketanga pāpori. Ka pāngia te hapori e ngā āhuatanga whenua, ngā rauemi taiao e wātea ana, me te huringa āhuarangi e te urutau me te whanaketanga.
4. Ngā Tauira o te Whanaketanga Hapori i runga i te Ariā o te Whanaketanga Hapori
Ko ētahi tauira e whakaatu ana i te whanaketanga o te hapori mā te tirohanga a te ariā whanaketanga pāpori ko:
a. Te Rōpū Whakangau me te Kohi
I ngā wā tōmua, i noho te tangata i roto i ngā rōpū iti e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hopu manu me te kohikohi kai. He hanganga pāpori māmā noa iho tō rātou, he iti noa te wehewehenga o ngā mahi, ā, he wehewehenga mahi anō hoki i runga i te ira tangata me te tau.
b. Te Huringa Ahuwhenua
Nā te nekehanga mai i te hopu manu me te kohikohi kai ki te ahuwhenua i puta ai ngā huringa nui ki ngā hanganga pāpori. Nā te mahi ahuwhenua noho noa i taea ai te kohikohi i ngā kai toenga, ā, nā tēnei i hua ake ai te whanaketanga o ngā tāone nui, te wehewehenga pāpori, te wehenga mahi uaua ake, me te hanganga o ngā kāwanatanga.
c. Te Huringa Ahumahi
Nā te Huringa Ahumahi o te rautau 18 me te 19 i tohu te whakawhiti mai i te ōhanga ahuwhenua ki te ōhanga ahumahi. Nā tēnei i hua ake ai te noho tāone nui, te pikinga o te whakaputanga me te whai huatanga, ngā panonitanga o te hanganga whānau, me te whanaketanga o te hunga mahi me te hunga waenga.
d. Te Rōpū Pārongo
I ēnei rā, e noho ana tātou i roto i tētahi hapori mōhiohio, kei reira te hangarau matihiko me te ipurangi e whakarerekē ana i te huarahi e kōrero ai tātou, e mahi ai, e noho ai tātou. Ko te ao whānui, te auahatanga hangarau, me te ōhanga e ahu mai ana i te mātauranga ngā āhuatanga matua o tēnei hapori.
5. Te Arotake i te Ariā o te Whanaketanga Hapori
Ahakoa he anga whai hua te ariā whanaketanga pāpori hei mārama ki ngā huringa pāpori, he nui hoki ngā whakahē kua pā mai ki a ia. Ko ētahi o ngā whakahē matua ko:
a. Te whakaaro ā-iwi
I te nuinga o te wā, i whakaarohia te ariā whanaketanga pāpori o mua he mea e aro nui ana ki te iwi, nā te mea i aro atu ki te whanaketanga o ngā hapori o te Hauāuru hei tauira mō ngā hapori katoa. Kāore i arohia te kanorau me te uaua o te whanaketanga hapori huri noa i te ao.
b. Te whakatau
Ko te huarahi whakatau rawa o ētahi ariā mō te whanaketanga pāpori e kore e aro ki te tūranga o te mana whakahaere me te herekoretanga o te tangata ki te waihanga i ngā huringa pāpori. E whakanui ana rātou i ngā āhuatanga hanganga me ngā āhuatanga rauemi hei kaupapa matua mō te whanaketanga pāpori.
c. Te Māmā
E ai ki ngā ariā tawhito, kāore ngā tauira rārangi me ngā tauira māmā o te whanaketanga pāpori e hopu tika ana i te uauatanga me ngā whanaketanga o roto i ngā hapori tangata.
6. Whakamutunga
He taputapu whai hua te ariā o te whanaketanga pāpori hei mārama ki te whanaketanga me te huringa o ngā hapori tangata i roto i te wā. Mai i ngā tauira tawhito ki ngā huarahi o nāianei, ka whakaratohia e te ariā he tirohanga ki ngā āhuatanga e awe ana i te whanaketanga pāpori, tae atu ki te hangarau, te ōhanga, te tōrangapū, te ahurea, me te taiao. Ahakoa he whakahē i te ariā, mā te mārama whānui me te maha o ngā taha o te whanaketanga pāpori ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ake ki ngā uauatanga o te huringa pāpori e pā ana ki a tātou i nāianei me te heke mai.
