Te Ariā Whakaari a Erving Goffman
Pendahuluan
Ko Erving Goffman tētahi o ngā tohunga pāpori matua o te rautau 20, ā, nā āna takoha ki te pūtaiao pāpori, inā koa ko tana ariā mō te whakaari, i homai he māramatanga hou ki ngā taunekeneke pāpori tangata. I roto i tana mahi nui, "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life" (1956), i whakawhanakehia e Goffman tētahi ariā e whakaahua ana i te whai wāhi tonu o ngā tāngata ki te "whakaaturanga" i roto i te oranga o ia rā. E mōhiotia ana tēnei ariā ko te ariā whakaari, e whakamahi ana i te kupu whakarite o tētahi atamira whakaari hei whakaahua i ngā whanonga pāpori tangata. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he tūhura i te ariā whakaari a Goffman kia whānui ake.
Atamira o Mua me Atamira o Muri
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o te ariā a Goffman ko te ariā o te 'atamira o mua' me te 'atamira o muri'. Ko te atamira o mua te wāhi e 'whakaatu' ai ngā tāngata i a rātou anō ki te marea. I konei, ka takaro te tangata i te tūranga e tumanakohia ana e tā rātou hunga mātakitaki mā te whakamahi i tētahi raupapa o ngā tuhinga me ngā taputapu e pā ana ki te 'whakaaturanga'. Kei roto i tēnei whakaaturanga he kōrero, he whanonga, me te āhua tinana kua whakahaeretia, kua orohia hoki.
Hei tauira, ka noho te kaiako i roto i te akomanga ki mua o te akomanga, e whakaatu ana i te pono, te whakahaere tika, me te tohungatanga ki te kaupapa. Ka whakamahia e te kaiako ngā taputapu whakaako, ngā tikanga whakaako, ā, ka kakahuria e ia kia tika hei whakaoho i te whakaute me te mana.
He rerekē, ko te tuara o te atamira he wāhi e taea ai e te tangata te whakarērea ō rātou tūranga ōkawa me te whakangā, te whakakotahi anō, te whakaaroaro rānei mō ō rātou āhua o mua o te atamira. I te tuara o te atamira, ka taea e te tangata te mahi me te kore e manukanuka ki te tirohanga a te marea, engari he rite ki ō rātou "āhua tūturu." Hei tauira, ka taea e te kaiako te whakarērea tō rātou āhua ōkawa i roto i te rūma kaiako, i te kāinga rānei, me te kōrero noa ake, me te whakaatu i tētahi taha o ō rātou āhua kāore i kitea i mua i ā rātou ākonga.
Ngā Tūranga me ngā Tīma
I roto i te ariā whakaari, ka kitea ngā tāngata takitahi he maha ngā tūranga e takaro ana i roto i ō rātou oranga, ā, ko ia tūranga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te horopaki o ngā taunekeneke pāpori rerekē. I whakanui a Goffman, i a tātou e takaro ana i ēnei tūranga, kāore tātou e mahi takitahi. He maha ngā wā, he wāhanga tātou o tētahi "rōpū" e mahi tahi ana ki te waihanga me te pupuri i tētahi whakaaturanga motuhake. Ko tēnei rōpū he hunga takitahi e whai whāinga ōrite ana, e hiahia ana rānei ki te whakaaturanga kua hoatu.
Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi wharekai, ka mahi tahi ngā kaimahi katoa ki te whakarato i tētahi wheako kai pai mō ngā kiritaki. He mahi anō tā ngā kaimahi, ngā tunu kai, me ngā kaiwhakahaere, engari me mahi tahi rātou kia mau tonu te ahua ngaio me te ratonga pai e tumanakohia ana e ngā kiritaki.
Whakahaere Whakaaro
Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o te ariā whakaari ko te ariā o te "whakahaere whakaaro." Koinei te tukanga e whakahaere ai ngā tāngata i te tirohanga a ētahi atu ki a rātou. Kei roto ko ngā momo tikanga hei hanga me te awe i ngā tirohanga a ētahi atu. Ka uru atu ki ēnei tikanga te whakahaere i ngā āhua o te kanohi, ngā nekehanga, te whiriwhiri kupu, te kākahu, tae noa ki te whakamahinga o ētahi taonga, taiao rānei.
I whakanui a Goffman he tukanga āta whakaaro, he tukanga rautaki hoki te whakahaere i ngā whakaaro. Tērā pea ka āta whiriwhiria e te tangata ā rātou kupu, ka whakarerekētia rānei tōna āhua tinana kia rite ai te whakaaro o ētahi atu ki ā rātou tumanakohanga me ā rātou hiahia. Hei tauira, i te wā uiui mahi, ka āta kakahuria e te kaitono, ka kōrero mārire, ā, ka whakaatu i te āhua ngaio hei waihanga i te whakaaro pai ki te kaiuiui.
Ngā Tikanga Taunekeneke me te Whakahē
I kōrero nui hoki a Goffman mō ngā kawa taunekeneke me te āhua o tā rātou mahi i roto i te oranga o ia rā. I tautohe ia ko ngā taunekeneke pāpori he maha ngā wā e whakahaerehia ana e tētahi raupapa o ngā kawa me ngā tikanga e āwhina ana ki te pupuri i te kotahitanga pāpori me te whakapakari i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi. Ka uru pea ki ēnei kawa ngā mihi, he raupapa o ngā whanonga ōkawa i ngā huihuinga ōkawa, tae noa ki te āhua o tā tātou whakahaere i a tātou anō i roto i ngā kōrero o ia rā.
I kōrero anō a Goffman mō te ariā o te 'stigma,' he tohu, he āhuatanga rānei e whakaiti ana i te tuakiri pāpori o te tangata. He maha ngā wā ka puta te whakamā ina whakaatu te tangata i ngā āhuatanga, i ngā whanonga rānei e rerekē ana i ētahi tikanga pāpori. Me kaha ake te mahi a te hunga whakamā ki te whakahaere i ō rātou whakaaro kia taurite, kia whakaiti rānei i te pānga o tēnei whakamā.
Arotakenga o te Ariā Whakaari
Ahakoa he hohonu ngā tirohanga a Goffman ki ngā taunekeneke pāpori, kāore i kore he hunga whakahē. Ko ētahi e kī ana he tino whakatau rawa, ā, kāore e aro ki ngā āhuatanga o te herekore me te mana whakahaere o te tangata takitahi. Ko ētahi e whakahē ana i te kupu whakarite whakaari, e kiia ana he nui rawa, nā te mea kāore e taea te whakataurite i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te oranga pāpori ki tētahi whakaaturanga whakaari hoahoa noa iho.
Hei tāpiritanga, e kī ana ētahi kairīti kāore te ariā a Goffman e kōrero nui ana mō ngā āhuatanga hanganga o te hapori, pērā i te ōhanga, te tōrangapū, me ētahi atu umanga pāpori e whai wāhi nui ana ki te hanga i ngā taunekeneke pāpori.
Whakamutunga
Mā te ariā whakaari a Erving Goffman ka kitea he tirohanga auaha, whai kiko hoki mō te taunekeneke a te tangata i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Mā te whakamahi i te kupu whakarite o te whare tapere, ka whakaatu angitu a Goffman i te kaha o te tangata ki te whakahaere i te tirohanga a ētahi atu ki a rātou mā roto i ngā mahi, ngā wāhanga, me ngā tikanga whakahaere whakaaro.
Ahakoa kua whakahēngia tēnei ariā e ētahi, kāore e taea te whakakorekore i tōna takoha ki te mārama ki ngā whanonga pāpori. Mā te ariā whakaari tātou e āwhina kia mārama ake ai ki ngā uauatanga o ngā taunekeneke pāpori me ngā āhuatanga maha e awe ana i te huarahi e whakatere ai tātou i ō tātou oranga pāpori. Nō reira, i whakatakoto a Goffman i te ara mō ētahi atu kōrero me ngā rangahau mō ngā whanaketanga pāpori me te tuakiri tangata.
