Te Ariā a Max Weber mō ngā Mahi Hapori
Ko Max Weber (1864–1920) tētahi o ngā tino tangata whai mana i roto i te ao pāpori o ēnei rā. Ehara i te mea ko ana rangahau anake mō te tari kāwanatanga, te whakapono, me te ōhanga āna takoha, engari ko tana māramatanga hoki ki ngā mahi a te tangata i roto i te ao pāpori. Ko tētahi o ngā whakaaro matua a Weber ko te ariā o te mahi pāpori, he anga mō te whakamārama i te mahi a te tangata mā te whakaaro ki ngā tikanga me ngā aronga whaiaro ki ētahi atu. Mā tēnei ariā, i āwhina a Weber i te hapori kia neke atu i te whakaahua noa i ngā hanganga pāpori ki te mārama ki ngā kaupapa me ngā tikanga kei muri i ngā mahi a te tangata.
Te mahi pāpori: te kaupapa matua o te whakaaro a Weber
E ai ki a Weber, kāore e taea te kī ko ngā mahi katoa a te tangata he "mahi pāpori." Ka noho hei mahi pāpori te mahi mena he tikanga whaiaro kei roto mō te kaiwhakaari, ā, e anga atu ana ki ētahi atu - he mea tūturu, he mea whakaaro rānei. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, i whakanui a Weber ehara te mahi pāpori i te nekehanga tinana anake, i te whanonga aunoa, i te tauhohenga ā-tinana rānei. Ko te mea nui ko te āhua o te whakamārama a te kaiwhakaari i ana mahi, me te whakaaro ki ngā mahi, ki ngā tumanakohanga rānei a ētahi atu.
Hei tauira, ko te whakatuwheratanga o te maru i te ua he mahi whaihua noa iho pea hei karo i te mākū—he mahi takitahi noa iho pea. Heoi, ki te whakatuwherahia e rātou te maru nā te mea e hiahia ana rātou kia ātaahua ki ō rātou hoa mahi, kia ātaahua rānei ki ō rātou rangatira, he mārama te aronga pāpori o tā rātou mahi. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko "te mea e mahia ana" anake te arotahi a Weber, engari ko "te take me te take i mahia ai te mahi."
Verstehen: te mārama ki te tikanga mai roto
He maha ngā wā e hono ana te huarahi a Weber ki te ariā o Verstehen (Tiamana: "māramatanga"). He tikanga whakamārama a Verstehen mō te mārama ki ngā mahi pāpori mā te ngana ki te hopu i te tikanga e whakaarohia ana e ngā kaiwhakaari. I kī a Weber kāore e ranea te hapori pāpori ki te kohikohi raraunga tatauranga, ki te whakamārama rānei i ngā whanonga tangata mā roto i ngā ture whānui pērā i ngā pūtaiao taiao. Me āhei te hapori pāpori ki te whakamārama i ngā hihiri, ngā whāinga, me ngā huarahi e mārama ai ngā tāngata ki tō rātou ao pāpori.
Heoi, ehara i te mea he whakaaro noa iho te māramatanga a Weber. I whakanuia e ia te hiahia mō ngā whakamārama whaitake me te whai kawenga, hei tauira mā te hanga anō i ngā kaupapa i runga i te horopaki pāpori, ngā tuhinga, ngā uiuinga, me ngā whanaungatanga take-me-pānga e tika ana. Nō reira, ka whakakotahi a Verstehen i te whakamārama o te tikanga me te tātari pūtaiao.
Ngā rerekētanga i waenga i a Weber, Durkheim me Marx
Hei mārama ki te tūnga o Weber, he mea nui kia tirohia ōna rerekētanga mai i ētahi atu tauira. I aro nui a Émile Durkheim ki te whakanui i ngā "meka pāpori" e noho ana i waho o ngā tāngata takitahi, ā, e herea ana hoki (pēnei i ngā tikanga, ngā ture, me ngā umanga). I whakanui a Karl Marx i te pakanga akomanga me te hanganga ōhanga hei mea matua e whakatau ana i te huringa pāpori. Kāore a Weber i whakahē i te hanganga, engari i kī ia kāore e taea te mārama ki te hanganga pāpori me te kore e whakaarohia ngā mahi takitahi me ngā tikanga e pā ana ki aua mahi.
Ara, e whakanoho ana a Weber i te takitahi hei tīmatanga tātari, engari ehara i te takitahi motuhake—engari he takitahi e hono tonu ana i roto i te whatunga o ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, ngā tikanga, ngā uara, me te mana.
Ngā momo mahi pāpori pai e whā
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Weber ko tana whakarōpūtanga o ngā momo mahi pāpori e whā. I tapaina ēnei e Weber he "momo pai," he tauira ariā e āwhina ana ki te whakamārama i te mooni, ahakoa i te ao tūturu, he maha ngā wā he ranunga o ngā momo mahi a te tangata.
1. Mahi whaitake ā-ringa (Zweckrational)
He mahi tēnei e ahu mai ana i ngā tātaitanga whaitake mō ngā whāinga me te huarahi tino whai hua hei whakatutuki i aua whāinga. Ka whakaarohia e te kaiwhakaari ngā kōwhiringa maha, ka tātai i ngā painga me ngā huakore, ā, ka whiriwhiri i te rautaki tino whai hua.
Tauira: Ka whakawhanakehia e te kaipakihi tētahi rautaki hokohoko i runga i te rangahau mākete hei whakapiki i ngā hoko. Ka whiriwhiria e ia te tikanga e whakaarohia ana e ia he tino whai hua, he iti rawa hoki te mōrearea.
2. Mahi whaitake e aro ana ki te uara (Wertrational)
He mahi whaitake tonu tēnei, engari ehara i te whai hua te kaupapa, engari he whakapau kaha ki ngā uara e kiia ana he pono, he tapu, he whai tikanga rānei. Ka mahi te kaimahi i runga i te whakaaro pono, ahakoa he kino rawa te mutunga.
Hei tauira: ka noho hei tūao tētahi i roto i tētahi wāhi āwhati, ehara i te mea mō ōna ake painga, engari nā te mea e whakapono ana ia he herenga matatika te āwhina i ētahi atu.
3. Mahi ā-hinengaro (Affectual)
Ko ngā mahi kare ā-roto e ārahihia ana e ngā kare ā-roto, pērā i te riri, te aroha, te wehi, te pouri rānei. He ngoikore te whakaaro tika i te nuinga o te wā, nā te mea ka puta ake ngā mahi i te pahūtanga o te kare ā-roto.
Tauira: Ka hamama tetahi i te mahi nā te mea kei raro ia i te tino ahotea. Kei te mahi ia i runga i te kare ā-roto, ehara i te mea i ahu mai i ngā whāinga roa.
4. Ngā mahi tuku iho
Ka mahia ngā mahi tuku iho i runga i te tikanga kua mau. Ka mahi te kaimahi i runga i te tikanga, i te mahi o ia rā, i te taonga tuku iho rānei, me te kore e nui te whakaaroaro arohaehae.
Tauira: ka whakahaerehia e te tangata ētahi tikanga i ia tau nā te mea "koira tonu te āhua," ahakoa kāore pea ētahi e mārama ana ki ngā take taketake.
Mā ēnei momo e whā tātou e āwhina ki te pānui i ngā whanonga pāpori kia mārama ake: he mea tātai rautaki te mahi, he mea akiaki e ngā uara matatika, he mea whakaoho e te kare ā-roto, he whai noa rānei i ngā tikanga tuku iho?
Te Whakamārama me te Ao Hou
He hononga tata te ariā a Weber mō te mahi pāpori ki tana ariā mō te whakamāori i roto i te hapori hou. I kite a Weber i te ao hou hei tukanga e whakanui ana i te mana o te mahi whaitake me te taputapu i roto i ngā momo mara: te ōhanga, te ture, te whakahaere, te mātauranga, tae noa ki te oranga o ia rā. Nā te whanaketanga o te pūnaha tāke, te tari kāwanatanga, me te pūtaiao i akiaki i te tangata ki te aromatawai i te ao i runga i te whai huatanga, te matapae, me te mana whakahaere.
Heoi anō, i whakatūpato anō a Weber mō te "whare rino" o te ao hou: ina kaha te whakaaro nui, ka tūpono te oranga o te tangata ki te maroke, ki te mauheretia i roto i ngā ture, ngā tikanga, me ngā tono mō te whai huatanga e whakaiti ana i te herekoretanga me te tikanga. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ka whakamārama te ariā mahi pāpori me pēhea te neke o te aronga o te mahi a te tangata mai i ngā uara me ngā tikanga tuku iho ki ngā tātaitanga hangarau.
Te hiranga o te ariā mahi pāpori i roto i te ao o nāianei
Kei te whai tikanga tonu te ariā a Weber mō te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o nāianei. Hei tauira, i roto i te wāhi mahi o ēnei rā, he maha ngā mahi e arahina ana e ngā whāinga, ngā tohu mahi, me ngā pūnaha aromatawai—he tauira kaha o te whakaaro tika ā-ringa. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā nekehanga pāpori, te mahi taiao, me te mahi atawhai tangata e whakaatu ana i te mahi e aro ana ki te uara. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā pāpāho pāpori i te ranunga o ngā momo mahi rerekē: ka taea e te tangata te tuku pou hei rautaki waitohu whaiaro (ā-ringa), i runga i te whakapono matatika (uara), i runga i te kare ā-roto wā poto (aroha), i te whai noa rānei i ngā au (ngā tikanga matihiko tuku iho).
He pai hoki tēnei ariā mō te mārama ki ngā pakanga pāpori: ehara i te mea ko ngā hiahia rauemi anake ngā rerekētanga, engari ko ngā pakanga o ngā tikanga, ngā uara, me ngā huarahi ki te titiro ki te ao. Mā te mārama ki ngā kaupapa mō te mahi, ka taea te whai ngākau aroha ake ki te kōrero pāpori, ā, ka taea hoki te whai kiko ake i ngā otinga.
Te Katinga
Ko te ariā a Max Weber mō te mahi pāpori e whakatakoto ana i te tikanga whaiaro me te aronga pāpori hei mea matua ki te mārama ki te hapori. Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga Verstehen, i akiaki a Weber i te hapori kia whakamārama i ngā mahi a te tangata mai i te tirohanga a te kaiwhakaari me te kore e whakarērea te tātari pūtaiao. Ko tana whakarōpūtanga o ngā momo mahi pāpori e whā—te whakaaro tika taputapu, te whakaaro tika uara, te whakaaro kare ā-roto, me te whakaaro tika tuku iho—e whakarato ana i tētahi taputapu kaha mō te whakamārama i ngā whanonga pāpori i roto i ngā horopaki maha.
I tēnei ao hou e piki haere ana te whakaaro tika me te ine, he whakamahara te whakaaro o Weber kāore te mahi a te tangata i te takitahi: kei muri i ngā whakataunga, ngā tikanga, me ngā tauhohenga, he tikanga tonu kei reira hei hanga i te āhua o tō tātou noho tahi. Ehara i te mea he ariā mātauranga noa iho te ariā mahi pāpori, engari he tirohanga anō hoki hei mārama ki a tātou anō hei tangata pāpori e whiriwhiri tonu ana i ngā whāinga, ngā uara, ngā kare ā-roto, me ngā tikanga tuku iho i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
