Ngā Āhuatanga Pāpori me ngā Huarahi Empirika i roto i te Hapori
Ko ngā āhuatanga pāpori he kaupapa, he tauira, me ngā whanaketanga e puta ake ana i ngā taunekeneke tangata i roto i te hapori. Ka kitea i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā—pēnei i ngā au o te pāpāho pāpori, ngā huringa o te noho, te pikinga o te noho tāone, ngā tauira nekehanga o te mahi tahi—me ngā take nui pēnei i te rawakore, te pakanga, te kore taurite o te hapori, me te huringa tōrangapū. Ko te hapori, hei pūtaiao pāpori, kei te noho hei mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga i runga i te pūnaha, i te arohaehae, me te taunakitanga. Koinei te wāhi e tino hira ai te huarahi wheako, nā te mea ka ārahi i te hapori kia kaua e whakawhirinaki noa ki ngā whakaaro, ki ngā whakahāwea, ki ngā whakapae rānei, engari ki ngā raraunga me ngā kitenga ka taea te whakamātautau.
Te Mārama ki ngā Āhuatanga Hapori: Mai i te Takitahi ki te Hanganga
Kāore ngā āhuatanga pāpori e tū motuhake ana, engari e hangaia ana e ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi, ngā rōpū, me ngā hanganga pāpori. Hei tauira, ko te whakatau a te tangata ki te heke ki tētahi tāone nui te āhua nei he whiringa whaiaro, engari i te nuinga o te wā, e hono ana ki ngā whai wāhitanga mahi kore taurite, te urunga ki te mātauranga, me te whanaketanga ōhanga kua arotahihia i roto i ētahi rohe. Arā, ko ngā āhuatanga pāpori he hua o te hononga o ngā āhuatanga moroiti (ngā kaupapa me ngā mahi takitahi) me ngā āhuatanga whānui (ngā tikanga, ngā umanga, ngā kaupapa here, me te ahurea).
E tirohia ana te hapori hei pūnaha e titoa ana i ngā huānga: te whānau, te mātauranga, te ōhanga, te whakapono, te pāpāho, tae noa ki te kāwanatanga. Ina huri tetahi huānga, ka pāngia ētahi atu. Ko tētahi tauira māmā ko te āhuatanga o te mahi mamao. Ehara i te mea ko te huarahi mahi a te tangata anake te pānga o tēnei huringa, engari ko ngā tauira whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te whānau, te whakamahinga o te wāhi tāone, ngā hiahia kawe waka, tae noa ki te huarahi hanga whatunga pāpori a te tangata. Me tātari ngā āhuatanga pāpori pēnei i tēnei, ehara i te mea he mārama noa iho, engari he whānui ake te tātari take.
He aha te hiranga o te huarahi empirika ana i roto i te pāpori?
Ko te huarahi empirika he huarahi ki te mārama ki te ao pāpori mā te tirotiro pūnaha, te ine, me te kohikohi raraunga. Ko te tikanga o te "empirika" ko te whakawhirinaki ki ngā meka ka kitea, kaua ki ngā kereme paerewa, ki ngā whakapae noa iho rānei. Ka whakamahia e te hapori he huarahi empirika hei whakarite kia tika te whakatau a te pūtaiao. Ki te kore he raraunga, ka tūpono te tātari pāpori ki te taka ki ngā momo whakaaro tawhito: te whakawhanui i tētahi rōpū, te whakapae i te patunga, te kore rānei e aro ki te horopaki hanganga.
Mā te huarahi wheako ka taea hoki e ngā tohunga hapori te whakamātautau mēnā he pono tētahi whakaaro rongonui. Hei tauira, he whakapono kei te "tino takitahi ake ngā taiohi o ēnei rā." He pono tēnei? Hei whakautu i tēnei pātai, me mārama ngā tohu (hei tauira, te taumata o te whai wāhi ki ngā mahi hapori, te kaha o ngā taunekeneke kanohi ki te kanohi, te whai wāhi ki ngā whakahaere, ngā momo hononga matihiko rānei), kātahi ka kohia ngā raraunga mā roto i ngā rangahau, ngā tirohanga, ngā uiuinga rānei. Pēnei, kāore te hapori e mutu ki ngā kōrero whānui engari ka neke ki tētahi māramatanga e tika ake ana, e ine ake ana hoki.
Ngā Momo o te Huarahi Whakamātautau: Te Tauanga me te Kounga
I roto i te mahi, ko te huarahi empirika ana i roto i te pāpori pāpori e whakahaerehia ana i roto i ngā ara matua e rua: te tikanga tauanga me te tikanga kounga.
Ko te huarahi tauanga e aro nui ana ki te ine me ngā tau. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga hei tirotiro i ngā tauira whānui o te hapori: ngā reiti rawakore, ngā reiti kore mahi, te hononga i waenga i te mātauranga me te moni whiwhi, ngā whanonga whanonga rānei i roto i te taupori. Ko ngā taputapu noa ko ngā rangahau, ngā pātai, me te tātari tatauranga. Ko ngā painga o te huarahi tauanga ko tōna kaha ki te whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui, te āhei ki te whakataurite puta noa i ngā rohe, me te whakaputa i ngā kitenga whānui mena he tika te rahi o te tauira.
I taua wā, ko te huarahi whaihua e aro ana ki te tikanga, te wheako, me te horopaki. Ka whakamahia ina hiahia ngā kairangahau ki te mārama ki te "take" me te "pehea" o tētahi āhuatanga mai i te tirohanga a ngā kaiwhakaari pāpori. Ko ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā uiuinga hōhonu, te mātakitaki whai wāhi, ngā rangahau take, me te tātari tuhinga. Ko te painga o te huarahi whaihua ko tōna hōhonutanga: ka taea e ia te hopu i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā kare ā-roto, ngā uara, me ngā whanaungatanga e kore e kitea i ngā wā katoa i roto i ngā tatauranga.
I roto i ngā rangahau hou maha, ka whakakotahi ngā tohunga pāpori i ngā mea e rua mā roto i ngā tikanga whakaranu. Hei tauira, ko te rangahau mō te tukino i roto i ngā kura ka tīmata pea mā te rangahau hei mahere i te horapa me ngā momo tukino, ā, muri iho ka uiuitia ngā wheako o ngā tāngata i pāngia, i ngā kaiwhakatoi, me ngā kaiako, ā, ka hua ake he māramatanga whānui ake.
Ngā Wāhanga o te Rangahau Empirika i roto i te Hapori
Ehara i te mea ko te kohikohi raraunga anake te rangahau ā-pūtaiao. Kei roto ko ngā wāhanga kua whakaritea kia tika ai, kia taea ai hoki te whakamātautau i ngā hua. I te nuinga o te wā, ka tīmata te rangahau pāpori me te whakatakoto raruraru: he aha te āhuatanga hei whakamārama? Kātahi ka whakawhanakehia he anga ariā hei āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi, i ngā ariā mahere rānei. Muri iho, ka whakatauhia te tikanga, te taupori me te tauira (mēnā e tika ana), me ngā taputapu kohikohi raraunga.
Ko te wāhanga e whai ake nei ko te kohikohi raraunga i te mara, me whakahaere i runga anō i ngā tikanga matatika rangahau: te whakaute i te tūmataitinga, te rapu whakaaetanga whai whakaaro, me te karo i te kino ki ngā kaiuru. Hei whakamutunga, ka tātarihia ngā raraunga—mā te tatauranga mō ngā huarahi tauanga, mā te whakarōpūtanga kaupapa rānei mō ngā huarahi kounga—ā, ka puta he whakatau hei whakautu i ngā pātai rangahau.
Ngā Tauira o ngā Āhuatanga Pāpori me ngā Huarahi Whakamātautau hei Rangahau i a rātou
Ko te horapa o ngā kōrero teka he tauira nui i roto i te hapori matihiko. Ka taea e ngā tohunga hapori te tirotiro mā te mahere i ngā tūāpapa e whakamahia ana hei pūtake o ngā kōrero teka, ngā āhuatanga taupori o te hunga e hora ana i aua kōrero, ō rātou taumata mātauranga pāpāho, me ngā āhuatanga pāpori-hinengaro pēnei i te hiahia kia mōhiotia, te wehi rānei kei mahue ki muri. Ka taea te tiki raraunga mā roto i ngā rangahau mātauranga matihiko, te tātari ihirangi o ngā pou, me ngā uiuinga mō ngā kaupapa me ngā tikanga kai mōhiohio.
Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te āhuatanga o te kore taurite ā-rohe. Ka whakamahia e te pūtaiao pāpori ngā raraunga tatauranga (te moni whiwhi mō ia tangata, ngā taumata mātauranga, te urunga atu ki te hauora) hei tirotiro i ngā tauira o te kore taurite, kātahi ka whakahōhonu ake i tēnei māramatanga mā roto i ngā rangahau kounga i roto i ngā hapori motuhake: te tirohanga a ngā kainoho ki te kore taurite, ā rātou rautaki whakatau, me ō rātou whanaungatanga ki ngā umanga kāwanatanga me te mākete. Mā te huarahi wheako, ka nui atu i te whakataukī noa iho te kore taurite; ka taea te ine me te kite pūmau i tōna pānga.
Ngā Wero i roto i te Huarahi Empirical
Ahakoa he mea nui, he wero ngā huarahi whakamātautau. Tuatahi, he uaua ngā raraunga pāpori, ā, he pānga hoki ki te horopaki ahurea. Ka taea te whakamārama i te pātai rangahau kotahi i ngā momo rōpū rerekē. Tuarua, kei reira ngā take o te whakaaro pōhēhē: te whakaaro pōhēhē a te kairangahau, te whakaaro pōhēhē a te kaiwhakautu, me te whakaaro pōhēhē a te whiriwhiri tauira. Tuatoru, ka tere te huri o ngā āhuatanga pāpori, inā koa i te ao matihiko, ka tere te tawhito o ngā raraunga. Nō reira, me whakahou tonu te hapori i ana tikanga, me whakapiki ake i te pakari, me te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga rangahau e tika ana.
Te Katinga
E whakaata ana ngā āhuatanga pāpori i ngā nekehanga hurihuri tonu o te oranga tangata. He mahi nui tā te mātauranga pāpori ki te whakamārama arohaehae me te pūnaha i ēnei huringa. Mā te huarahi empirika ka kore te mātauranga pāpori e waiho hei kōrero noa iho, engari hei pūtaiao e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga whakamātautau, te tirotiro, me te tātari. Mā te tikanga tauanga, te tikanga kounga, te whakakotahitanga rānei o ngā tikanga e rua, ka taea e te mātauranga pāpori te whakamārama tika ake i ngā tauira, ngā tikanga, me ngā pānga o ngā āhuatanga pāpori. Hei whakamutunga, mā te māramatanga empirika o te hapori ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i te mātauranga engari ka whakarato hoki i te pūtake mō te whakatakoto kaupapa here me ngā mahi pāpori tika ake, whai hua ake.
