Te Āhuatanga o te Whakatoi mai i te Tirohanga Hapori
He āhuatanga uaua te tukino, he maha ngā āhua, ā, ka puta pea i roto i ngā horopaki pāpori maha, tae atu ki ngā kura, ngā wāhi mahi, me ētahi atu taiao pāpori. Mai i te tirohanga pāpori, ehara i te mea he raruraru takitahi anake te tukino, engari he take hanganga anō hoki e pāngia ana e ngā tikanga, ngā uara, me ngā mana whakahaere i roto i ngā rōpū. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te āhuatanga o te tukino mai i te tirohanga pāpori, ka tirotirohia ngā ariā e tika ana, ā, ka matapakihia me pēhea te whai wāhi a te hapori ki te aro atu ki tēnei take.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Whakatoi
Ka taea te tautuhi i te tukino hei mahi whakatoi auau a te tangata takitahi, a te rōpū rānei ki tētahi patunga ngoikore, ahakoa ā-tinana, ā-hinengaro, ā-pāpori rānei. He maha ngā wā ka haere tahi ēnei mahi me te whakaaro ki te whara, ki te whakamataku, ki te whakahaere rānei i te patunga. Ko ngā momo tukino ko te tukino ā-tinana (te patu, te pana), te tukino ā-waha (te tawai, te kanga), te tukino pāpori (te peinga, te hora i ngā kōrero pakiwaitara), me te tukino ipurangi (te hora i ngā ihirangi kino mā roto i ngā pāpāho matihiko).
Ngā Ariā Hapori mō te Whakatoi
Ariā Taupatupatu
Mai i te tirohanga a te ariā pakanga i whakatakotoria e Karl Marx me āna akonga, ka taea te titiro ki te tukino hei whakaaturanga o te mana me te hē i roto i te hapori. E ai ki tēnei ariā, ko ngā tāngata takitahi, ko ngā rōpū rānei he nui ake te mana ka whakamahi kino i te hunga he iti ake te mana. Ko te tukino tētahi whakaaturanga o tēnei pakanga mana, e whakamahia ana e te kaiwhakatoi te mana tinana, te mana pāpori, te mana ōhanga rānei hei pehi i te patunga ngoikore.
Ariā Mahi Hanganga
I tētahi atu taha, ko te ariā hanganga-mahi, i whakawhanakehia e Émile Durkheim, e titiro ana ki te tukino hei āhuatanga e puta ake ana i ngā mahi ki te pupuri i te pumau me te taurite o te hapori. I roto i ētahi hapori, ka kitea pea te whanonga pukuriri hei huarahi ki te whakamana i ētahi tikanga me ngā uara. Ka taea hoki te kite i te tukino hei momo mana whakahaere hapori e mahia ana hei whakarite kia piri ngā tāngata ki ngā ture rōpū.
Ariā Taunekeneke Tohu
Ko te ariā taunekeneke tohu, i whakatakotoria e George Herbert Mead rāua ko Herbert Blumer, e arotahi ana ki te whakamārama a te tangata i ā rātou taunekeneke pāpori. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, ka puta te tukino nā ngā tapanga kino i hoatu ki ētahi tāngata. Ka taea e ēnei tapanga te noho hei "matakitenga whai-whaiaro" e meinga ai te tangata kua tapaina kia noho tahaetia, ā, ka noho hei whāinga o te tukino. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā taunekeneke o ia rā i waenga i ngā kaiwhakatoi me ngā patunga ka whakakaha, ka pupuri hoki i te whanonga tukino.
Ngā Take Hapori e Āwhina ana i te Whakatoi
Ngā Tikanga me ngā Ahurea
He nui te pānga o ngā tikanga me ngā uara ahurea i roto i te hapori ki te taumata me te momo o te tukino e puta ana. I roto i ētahi ahurea, ka whakanuia, ka kiia rānei te whanonga rangatira hei tohu kaha me te kaiārahi. Ka taea e tēnei te ārahi i te tangata kia nui ake te tūponotanga ki te whakauru ki te tukino kia mōhiotia ai rātou he kaiārahi, he tāngata whai mana rānei.
Ira Tangata me te Ira Tangata
E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau he maha ngā wā ka pā te tukino ki ngā take ira tangata me te moepuku. Hei tauira, he nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā tāne ki te tukino tinana, ko ngā wāhine ia he nui ake te tūponotanga ki te tukino pāpori, ki te tukino kōrero rānei. Hei tāpiri, ko te hunga kāore e whai i ngā tikanga moepuku matua, pērā i te hunga takatāpui, ka noho hei whāinga mō te tukino.
Te Aromatawai Hapori
He wāhi nui anō hoki ngā kaupapa whakarōpū pāpori, ngā hanganga mana rānei i roto i ngā rōpū ki te tukino. I te kura, ka whakamahia pea e ngā tamariki rongonui, whai mana rānei ō rātou tūranga hei whakahaere, hei tukino rānei i ētahi atu. I te wāhi mahi, ka puta te tukino mai i ngā rangatira e whakamahi kino ana i ō rātou mana hei whakamahi, hei whakahaere rānei i ō rātou kaimahi.
Pāpāho me te Hangarau
Nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau mōhiohio, kua horapa te tukino ki te ao mariko, e mōhiotia ana ko te tukino ipurangi. Kua noho te pāpāho pāpori hei tūāpapa e taea ai e ngā kaiwhakatoi te mahi i ngā mahi kino me te kore e huna i a rātou anō, me te whānui ake.
Te Pānga o te Whakatoi ki ngā Tāngata Takitahi me te Hapori
Pānga ki ngā Takitahi
He pānga kino tō te tukino ki te hauora hinengaro me te hauora tinana o ngā tāngata i tukinotia. Ko ētahi o ngā pānga o te tukino ko te pouri, te manukanuka, te iti o te whakaaro ki a ia anō, tae atu ki ngā hiahia whakamomori. I ētahi wā, ka pāngia pea ngā tāngata i tukinotia e ngā raruraru tinana pērā i te ānini, te mamae o te puku, te raruraru moe rānei.
Pānga ki te Hapori
Mai i te tirohanga pāpori, ka horapa te pānga o te tukino ki te hapori whānui. Ka hangaia e te tukino he taiao hauora kore, ā, ka whakararuraru i te kotahitanga hapori. Ko ngā rohe e tohuhia ana e te tukino he iti te taumata o te kotahitanga, te kore whakawhirinaki, me te piki haere o te kare ā-roto o te kore haumaru.
Ngā Mahi hei Whakakore i te Whakatoi mai i te Tirohanga Hapori
Huarahi Hanganga
Ko tētahi huarahi whai hua hei whakatika i te tukino ko te whakarerekē i ngā hanganga pāpori e tautoko ana i tēnei whanonga. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakatū kaupapa here ārai-tukino i roto i ngā kura me ngā wāhi mahi, me te whakatakoto whiu pakari ki ngā kaihara. Me whai wāhi nui hoki ngā kāwanatanga me ngā umanga pāpori ki te waihanga ture me ngā whakaritenga e tautoko ana i tētahi taiao haumaru, whānui hoki.
Mātauranga me te Tohutohu
Me whakaako te marea, me whakamōhio hoki ki ngā tūponotanga o te tukino me te hiranga o te aroha me te manawanui. Ko ngā kaupapa toro atu ki ngā kura me ngā hapori he huarahi hei whakapiki i te mōhiotanga me te aukati i te tukino. Me whakauru hoki ki te mātauranga ārai-tukino te whakangungu mō ngā kaiako me ngā kaimahi o te kura kia mōhio ai rātou ki ngā take tukino me te whakahaere pai i aua take.
Te Whakapakari i te Kotahitanga Hapori
Mā te whakapakari i te kotahitanga pāpori mā roto i ngā mahi e whakapakari ana i ngā hononga ā-iwi, ka taea hoki te ārai i te tukino. Mā ngā mahi pēnei i te mahi ā-rōpū, ngā karapu i waho o te kura, me ngā kaupapa pāpori ka āwhina i te whakatipu i te wairua hapori me te whakaute tetahi ki tetahi, me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te tukino.
Te Hangarau hei Taputapu Ārai
Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te hangarau hei taputapu hei ārai i te tukino. Ka taea e ngā papaaho ipurangi te whakarato i ngā āhuatanga pūrongo ingoakore me te aroturuki mahi hei kite i ngā whanonga tukino. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā kaupapa ipurangi e whakatairanga ana i ngā karere ārai-tukino me te tautoko i ngā pāngia ka taea te āwhina i te whakarerekē i ngā tikanga pāpori e tautoko ana i te tukino.
Whakamutunga
He āhuatanga pāpori uaua te tukino e hiahia ana kia maha ngā huarahi hei whakatika. Mā te tirohanga pāpori ka kitea he māramatanga nui ki te whai wāhi a ngā tikanga, ngā uara, me ngā hanganga pāpori ki te tukino. Mā te mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga, ka taea e tātou te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki whai hua ake hei ārai me te whakatika i te tukino, me te waihanga i ngā hapori haumaru ake, whānui ake hoki.
