Hangarau Hanga Mata Papa Taumira-Teitei
Ko te whanaketanga o ngā papahikohiko i roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei e hono pūmau ana ki ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau whakaaturanga. Ki ngā kaiwhakamahi, ko te mata te "kanohi" o te taputapu: te wāhi e pānui ana, e tuhi ana, e mātaki ana, e mahi ana hoki rātou. Nō reira, kei te whakataetae ngā kaihanga ki te tuku whakaaturanga papahikohiko taumira teitei, he koi, he tika te tae, he penapena hiko, ā, he pai ki te whakamahi mō ngā hāora. Kei muri i ēnei whakaaturanga whakamiharo he raupapa uaua o ngā tukanga hangarau rauemi me te hanga - mai i te hanganga papahikohiko me ngā pūnaha whakamārama tae ki te whakatikatika tae me te whakamātautau kounga.
1. He aha te tikanga o te taumira teitei i runga i te mata papahiko?
Ko te taumira mata e pā ana ki te maha o ngā pika e hanga ana i tētahi whakaahua (hei tauira, 2560 × 1600). Heoi, ko tētahi mea nui ake hei whakatau i te koi o te tirohanga ko te kiato pika (PPI—pika ia inihi). Ko ngā papa he mata 10–11-inihi me ngā taumira teitei he PPI teitei ake rānei, ā, ka hua ake he tuhinga maeneene me ngā rārangi iti ake te koi. Hei whakatutuki i ngā taumira teitei, me hanga e ngā kaihanga he hanganga pika iti ake, he kikī ake hoki, me te kore e whakaiti i te kanapa, te pai o te hiko, te tika rānei o te tae.
2. Kōwhiringa Hangarau Paewhiri: LCD me OLED
E rua ngā whānau hangarau matua o ngā mata papahiko hou:
a) LCD (Whakaaturanga Wai)
Kāore ngā LCD e tuku i ō rātou ake māramatanga. Me whai rama whakamārama ngā panera LCD hei whakamārama i te paparanga karaihe wai me ngā tātari tae. Ngā momo noa:
– IPS (In-Plane Switching): he whānui ngā koki tirohanga me ngā tae pumau, he mea rongonui i waenga i ngā papa waenga ki ngā papa utu nui.
– LTPS LCD (Poly-Silicon Pāmahana-Iti): ka taea te whakamahi i ngā transistors tere ake, kiato ake hoki, ka tautoko i te taumira teitei me ngā tere whakahou teitei ake.
– IGZO (Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide): he pai te whakamahi i te hiko, ā, ka taea te pupuri i te kiato pika teitei me te iti o te turuturu iahiko.
b) OLED (Diode Whakaputa Marama Waro)
He kaha te whakaputa mārama o ngā OLED: ka tukuna e ia pika tōna ake mārama. Ko ō rātou painga ko te tino rerekētanga, te mangu hōhonu, me te tere o te urupare. Heoi, he uaua ake te hanga i a rātou, inā koa te whakatutuki i te ōritetanga, te roa o te ora, me te whai huatanga i ngā taumata kanapa teitei.
Ko te kōwhiringa o te LCD, o te OLED rānei ka pā ki te mekameka whakaputa katoa: mai i ngā rauemi, te hoahoa papa muri, tae atu ki ngā tikanga whakatakotoranga paparanga.
3. Papamuri: Te Pūtake o te Mana Pika
I roto i ngā whakaaturanga taumira teitei, he mahi nui tā te papa muri (te paparanga o ngā transistors TFT e whakahaere ana i ia subpixel). Ko te teitei ake o te taumira, ko te nui ake o ngā transistors me whakauru ki te wāhi kotahi. Nō reira, me whakamahi rauemi me ngā tukanga lithography tika.
Ngā momo papa tuara noa:
– a-Si (amorphous silicon): he iti ake te utu, engari he iti ake te nekehanga o ngā irahiko, nō reira kāore i te tino pai mō ngā taumira tino teitei, ngā tere whakahou rānei.
– LTPS: nekenekehanga teitei ake, pai mō te taumira nui me te urupare tere.
– Ko te TFT waikura (hei tauira, IGZO): he taurite pai o te whai huatanga, te mātotorutanga me te whakapaunga hiko.
Ko te hanga papa muri he rite tonu ngā tukanga ki ērā i roto i te umanga haurua-ira: te whakatakotoranga paparanga-angiangi, te whakaahua-ipurangi, te whakairo, me te hanganga o ngā tauira ara hiko moroiti.
4. Te Whakaiti i ngā Pikitara-iti
Kei roto i te pika kotahi ngā pikira iti whero, kakariki, me te kikorangi (RGB). I ngā whakataunga teitei, me tino iti, me tino tika hoki ia pikira iti hei ārai i te koretake o te tae, te kore rānei e ōrite. Ko te wero:
– kia rite te tawhiti i waenga i ngā itipika (pikikara teitei),
– kia tika te au/ngaohiko o ia subpixel,
– whakaitihia te turuturu o te mārama (i runga i te LCD) te turuturu rānei o te au (i runga i te OLED).
I roto i ngā LCD, ka hangaia te tauira subpixel mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātari tae me tētahi paparanga ārai-mārama (matihiko pango). I roto i ngā OLED, ka honoa te tauira subpixel ki tētahi tikanga whakatakotoranga rauemi rauropi, pērā i te kopare whakarewa pai (FMM) me ētahi atu tikanga e whakawhanakehia tonutia ana.
5. Te Whakamuri me te Whakaiti Ā-Rohe i runga i te LCD
Nā te mea e hiahiatia ana he rama whakamārama mō ngā LCD, he mea nui te kounga o te rama whakamārama mō te mārama me te kanapa o te mata. Ko ngā hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Whakamāramahia ki te taha: Ka whakatakotoria ngā rama LED ki te taha o te panera, ā, ka tohatohahia te mārama mā roto i tētahi pereti arataki mārama. He angiangi ake, he iti ake te utu, engari he iti noa te whakaiti i te kanapa ā-rohe.
– Whakamārama tika: Ngā rama LED i muri i te panera, kia pai ake ai te whakahaere i te wāhi mārama.
– Mini-LED: e whakamahi ana i ngā mano tini o ngā LED ririki hei rama whakamārama hei whakanui ake i te rerekētanga mā te whakaiti i te mārama o te tirohanga.
Mō ngā papa whakaataata teitei, kei te piki haere te rongonui o te mini-LED i roto i te wāhanga utu nui nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakatata atu ki te rerekētanga OLED me te pupuri tonu i te kanapa teitei—he mea whai hua mō ngā ihirangi HDR me te whakamahinga o waho.
6. Paparanga Whatu: Polarizer, OCA, me te Ārai-Whakaata
Ehara i te mea ko te maha o ngā pika anake te mea e whakatauhia ai te koi, engari ko te āhua hoki o te whiti o te mārama mā roto i ngā paparanga whatu. I roto i ngā LCD, me whakamahi ngā polarizer hei tuku i ngā tioata wai ki te whakarerekē i te mārama. I roto i ngā OLED, he uaua hoki te hanganga o te paparanga, tae atu ki ngā paparanga tiaki me ngā paparanga whakau.
Hei whakaiti i ngā whakaata me te whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te pānui:
– e whakamahia ana te paninga ārai-whakaata (AR),
– hangarau anti-matimati (AF),
– me te OCA (Pīpiri Mārama-Oho) hei pani i te mata ki te karāhe.
Ka whakaitihia te "āputa hau" e ngā whakaaturanga kua whakakikoruatia katoatia, kia tata ake ai te āhua o ngā whakaahua ki te mata, kia whakaitihia ai hoki te parallax—he mea nui mō ngā papa e āhei ana ki te pene tuhi.
7. Te Karāhe Tiaki me te Tukanga Whakakaha
Me whakamahi he karāhe tiaki pakari, angiangi hoki mō ngā mata papa. Ko te karāhe aluminosilicate, e whakapakaritia ana mā te tukanga whakapakari matū (whakawhiti katote), te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka whakakapia ngā katote iti i runga i te mata karāhe e ngā katote nui ake (pērā i te pāhare pāporo), ka puta he ahotea pēhi e whakanui ana i te ātete ki ngā pakaru me ngā karawarawa.
Hei tāpiri, ka whakaarohia e ngā kaihanga:
– te matotoru o te karāhe (ka pā ki te taumaha me te āhua o te tuhituhi),
– hototahi ki te pene matihiko,
– me te kounga o te paninga oleophobic hei whakaiti i ngā paru o ngā tapumati.
8. Whakaurunga o te Stylus Pā me te Digitizer
Ko ngā papahiko hou e whakamahi ana i ngā mata pa capacitive. Mō ngā taputapu e tautoko ana i ngā pene, ka tāpirihia he matihiko (pēnei i te electromagnetic, te active capacitive rānei). Me mahi tēnei whakaurunga me te kore e whakararu i te mahi tirohanga:
– me tino angiangi te whatunga pūoko kia kore ai e kitea,
– me whakahaere te pokanoa hikohiko,
– ā, ka whakaitihia te roa o te whakaurunga mā te tere whakahou me te tukatuka pā tere.
Ka taea te mahi i te tukanga whakauru pā ki runga-pūtau, ki roto rānei i te pūtau (i runga i te hangarau o te panera), ka āwhina i te whakangawari i te waeine whakaaturanga me te whakanui ake i te tuku mārama.
9. Te Whakatikatika Tae, te Gamma, me te Whakaōrite
Kāore e ranea te waihanga i tētahi papaaho taumira teitei; me rite tonu te tae o ngā papaaho kounga teitei. Ko tā ngā kaihanga e whai ake nei:
– te whakatikatika whānuitanga (sRGB, DCI-P3),
– te whakatikatika i te pūwāhi mā (hei tauira, D65),
– ngā tautuhinga gamma,
– me te utu mō te ōritetanga o te wherikotanga puta noa i te mata.
I roto i te OLED, he mea nui ngā rauropi whakatikatika me te utu hei aro atu ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga o ngā subpixel i roto i te wā, me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te tahunga-ake mā te whakahaere whakamahinga pika.
10. Te Whakamātautau Kounga me te Reiti Hapa Whakaputa
He wero te tukanga hanga whakaaturanga mō te hua (te ōrau o ngā panera e eke ana i ngā paerewa). I ngā whakataunga teitei ake, ka heke te manawanui ki ngā hapa. Ka whakamatautauria ngā panera mō:
– ngā pika mate, ngā pika piri rānei,
– te turuturu mārama (LCD),
– te ōritetanga o te kanapa me te tae,
– te urupare pā,
– me te ātete hoki ki te wera me te haumākū.
Ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga ngā kāmera tirotiro aunoa, ngā inenga whatu, me te whakamātautau ahotea taiao. Ko ngā hua teitei te mea nui ki te whakaiti i te utu o ngā whakaaturanga taumira teitei.
Te Katinga
Ko te hangarau kei muri i ngā whakaaturanga papa whakaata teitei he whakakotahitanga o te pūtaiao rauemi, ngā tukanga haurua-ira, te hangarau whatu, me te whakahaere kounga pakari. Mai i te kōwhiringa papa (LCD, OLED rānei), ki te hoahoa papa muri TFT, ki te hanga subpixel tino matotoru, ki te whakakikorua karāhe me te whakatikatika tae—ko ēnei katoa e whakatau ana mēnā he "koi, he kanapa, he whakamarie" te ahua o te whakaaturanga. I te heke mai, ka kite tātou i ētahi atu papa whakaata me ngā tere whakahou teitei, ngā mini-LED matatau ake, ngā OLED whai hua me te pakari ake, me ngā paninga ārai-whakaata e piki haere ana te whai hua. Mō ngā kaiwhakamahi, he māmā noa te hua whakamutunga: he wheako tirohanga e tata ana ki te pepa, te kānawehi, me ngā whakaaturanga ngaio—i roto i tētahi taputapu angiangi, kawe.
