Hangarau Hanga Maramara 5nm i roto i ngā Waea Atamai
Ko te whanaketanga o ngā waea atamai i roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei e hono pūmau ana ki ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau semiconductor. Ko tētahi tohu nui e whakahuatia pinepinetia ana i roto i ngā whakarewatanga o ngā chipset hou ko te "hanga 5nm." E pā ana tēnei kupu ki tētahi tukanga hanga maramara e whakamahi ana i te hangarau lithography tino matotoru, e taea ai te whakauru i ngā transistors ki roto i tētahi wāhi silicon iti ake. Kua pā tika tēnei ki te mahi a te waea, te whai huatanga o te hiko, te kounga o te kāmera rorohiko, tae atu ki ngā āheinga matauranga horihori (AI) i runga i te taputapu. Engari he aha tonu te tikanga o te "5nm", me pēhea te hanga o ngā maramara 5nm, ā, he aha te hiranga o tēnei hangarau ki te umanga waea atamai?
He aha te Hanganga 5nm?
Ko te "5nm" (nanometer) i roto i ngā maramara hou he tapanga mō te whakaputanga o tētahi tukanga hangahanga, ehara i te ine ā-tinana noa iho o tētahi wāhanga kotahi, pērā i te roa o te kuaha transistor. I tēnei wā maramara, he tika ake te māramatanga o te nama nanometer hei tohu mō te kiato me te whanaketanga o te pūnga tukanga. Ko te iti o te pūnga, ko te teitei ake o te maha o ngā transistors ia mirimita tapawha, ko te iti ake o te whakapaunga hiko mō te mahi kotahi, ā, ko te teitei ake o te mahi mō te whakapaunga hiko kotahi.
I te whakatupuranga 5nm, i arotauhia e ngā whare hanga hiko pēnei i a TSMC me Samsung Foundry ngā hoahoa transistor, ngā whakatakotoranga, me ngā tikanga tuhi hei whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga nui me ngā hononga kiato. Nō reira, ka uaua ake ngā maramara me te kore e whakanui ake i te rahi o te mate, i te ritenga kē rānei, ka taea te pupuri i te rahi o te mate me te whakanui ake i te kaha tukatuka.
He aha te hiranga o te 5nm mō ngā waea atamai?
He iti te wāhi me te pāmahana o ngā waea atamai. He iti ngā pākahiko, he iti noa te whakamatao kore mahi, ā, e hiahia ana ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te mahi nui mō te petipeti, te mahi maha i te wā kotahi, te tuhi ataata taumira teitei, me te tukatuka AI wā-tūturu. E toru ngā painga nui o te pona 5nm:
1. He pai ake te whai hua o te mana: Mā ngā transistors iti ake, kua arotauhia, ka taea te whakaiti i te ngaohiko whakahaere, te whakahaere i te ia turuturu, me te whakaiti i te pūngao e ai ki ngā tohutohu. Ka āwhina tēnei ki te whakaroa i te ora o te pākahiko.
2. Te whakanui ake i te mahi: Mā te nui ake o te kiato transistor ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā matua CPU, ngā whakapai ake GPU, te whakanui ake i te keteroki, me ngā whakaterenga AI kaha ake.
3. He maha atu ngā āhuatanga i roto i te maramara kotahi: Ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā poraka maha pērā i te ISP (tukatuka tohu whakaahua), te NPU (wae tukatuka io), te pouwhanga, te kaiwhakakōwaehere/kaiwhakapūtātanga ataata, me te pūnaha haumarutanga kia pai ake te whai hua.
Koia te take e whakamahia whānuitia ai ngā maramara 5nm i roto i ngā waea matua, inā koa hei whakarite i te mahi tino pai me te kore e tere te wera o te taputapu.
He Tirohanga Poto mō te Tukanga Hanga Maramara 5nm
He mahi roa, he mahi uaua hoki te hanga maramara, e hiahiatia ana he utu hanga piriona tāra. I te nuinga o te wā, ka hangaia he maramara 5nm mā roto i ngā mahi e whai ake nei:
1. Te hoahoa me te tahora o te ara iahiko
Mā ngā kamupene hoahoa maramara (pērā i a Apple, Qualcomm, MediaTek, Samsung System LSI rānei) e hoahoa te hanganga o te CPU, te GPU, te NPU, te pouwhanga, me ētahi atu wāhanga. Kātahi ka whakamaoritia ēnei hoahoa ki tētahi tahora ā-tinana kua rite mō te hanga, me ngā ara hononga me ngā paparanga whakarewa.
2. Te hanga anga silicon
He kōpae nui te diameter o te wafer, he mea hanga ki te silicon parakore (300 mm te whānui). Ka orohia tōna mata kia maeneene rawa, nā te mea ka pāngia te hua whakamutunga e ngā hapa.
3. Te whakatakoto me te paninga (te whakatakoto kiriata angiangi)
Ka tāpirihia ngā momo rauemi (ngā waikura, ngā nitride, ngā konganuku) ki roto i ngā paparanga angiangi rawa. He mahi motuhake tā ia paparanga, pērā i te ārai, te ara iahiko, te whakangungu rakau rānei.
4. Whakaahua-ipurangi
Koinei te taahiraa matua e hono pinepine ana ki te "nm." Ka whakaaturia ngā tauira ara iahiko ki runga i te papa ma te whakamahi i te mārama mā roto i te kopare. I te 5nm, kei te whakawhirinaki haere te umanga ki te EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography) mō ētahi paparanga nui, nā te mea ka taea e ngā roangaru poto rawa o te EUV te tā tauira kiato ake i te lithography DUV tikanga.
5. Te whakairo me te whakaurunga katote
Kia oti te hanga i te tauira ki runga i te photoresist, ka whakairohia ngā wāhi motuhake hei hanga i te hanganga. Ka whakamahia te whakaurunga katote hei "whakakī" i te silicon, ka hangaia he rohe p- me te n-āhuatanga i roto i te transistor hei whakahaere i te iahiko hiko.
6. Te hanganga o ngā transistors me ngā hononga
I te pūnga 5nm, kei te whakamahi tonu ngā transistors i te hangarau FinFET (fin field-effect transistor). Ka whakapai ake te hanganga "fin" i te mana o te kuaha i runga i te hongere, ka āwhina ki te whakaiti i te turuturu me te whakapiki i te pai o te mahi.
7. Te ine me te tirotiro
I roto i te tukanga katoa, ka mahia ngā ine me ngā tirotiro pakari mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tino tika hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā inenga i ngā paerewa whainga. I te tauine nanometer, ahakoa he iti noa ngā rerekētanga ka taea te whakaiti i te hua (te ōrau o ngā maramara angitu).
8. Te tapahi, te takai, me te whakamātautau
Ka tapahia te anga kia rite ki ngā mati (ngā maramara takitahi) kātahi ka huihuia hei takai. Mō ngā waea atamai, ka āwhina ngā takai matatau pērā i te PoP (Mōkihi-ki-Mōkihi) me ētahi atu pūnaha whakauru ki te penapena wāhi me te whakapai ake i te mahi tohu. Kātahi ka whakahaerehia he whakamātautau mahi me te kounga.
Te Tūranga o te EUV i runga i te Pūnaha 5nm
Ko te EUV tētahi o ngā hangarau matua e whai hua ake ai te 5nm mō te hanga papatipu. I ngā pūnga tawhito, ko te tā i ngā tauira tino iti mā te whakamahi i te DUV me whai tikanga maha-tauira uaua—te tā i ngā tauira kia maha ngā wā mō te paparanga kotahi. Nā tēnei i piki ake ai te utu, te wā, me te mōrearea o ngā hapa.
Mā te EUV, ka taea te tā tika i ētahi paparanga nui, ka whakaiti i te uaua o te tukanga. Heoi, he tino utu nui, he uaua hoki te EUV: he uaua ki te whakaū i ngā pūtake mārama EUV, ka whakamahia e ngā whatu he whakaata motuhake (nā te mea ka mimitia te EUV e te karāhe noa), ā, ka puta te tukanga katoa i roto i te korehau.
Te Pānga o te 5nm ki te Mahi me te Wheako Kaiwhakamahi
Mō ngā kaiwhakamahi waea atamai, ehara te 5nm i te tau hokohoko noa iho. He maha ngā huarahi e kitea ai tōna pānga:
– Mahi a te PTM me te GPU: Ka taea e ngā kēmu taumaha te oma i ngā tere anga pumau ake, ā, ka tere ake te aro o ngā taupānga whakaputa hua.
– Whakaahua rorohiko: Mā te ISP kaha ake ka taea te tere ake te HDR, te whakaiti haruru pai ake, me te tukatuka pō pai ake.
– AI i runga i te pūrere: Mā te NPU tere ake ka maeneene ake ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te mōhio reo, te whakamāori tuimotu, te kōwhiringa ahanoa whakaahua, me ngā pānga ataata wā-tūturu.
– Te pai o te pākahiko: Mā te iti o te whakamahinga hiko, ka roa ake te ora o te taputapu, inā koa mō ngā mahi pēnei i te roma ora, te tirotiro, te tūtatari rānei.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mārama ko te whai huatanga whakamutunga kāore e whakawhirinaki anake ki te pūnga. He mea nui anō hoki te hoahoa (hei tauira, te hoahoa matua CPU), te whakahaere hiko, te pūmanawa, me ngā arotautanga pūnaha whakahaere.
Ngā Wero Maramara 5nm: Te Wera, te Utu, me te Hua
Ko te iti o te pūnga, ko te uaua ake o te tukanga. Ko ngā wero noa i te 5nm ko:
1. Whakahaere wera
Ka taea e te mahi teitei i roto i ngā wāhi kuiti te whakaputa wera nui ake. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā waea atamai ki te whakamatao kore mahi, nō reira me tino whai hua ngā hoahoa maramara hei ārai i te tere o te whakawhāiti.
2. Ka piki ake ngā utu whakaputa
He tino utu nui ngā mīhini EUV me ngā tukanga hanga matatau. Ka piki ake ngā utu o ngā wafer me te utu mō ia maramara, ā, he maha ngā wā ka pā ki te utu o ngā taputapu matua.
3. Ngā rerekētanga o te hua me te tukanga
I ngā tauine iti rawa, ka uaua haere te whakahaere i ngā rerekētanga hanga. Ka noho te hua hei mea matua: ka nui ake te hua, ka iti ake te utu mō ia maramara ka taea te whakamahi.
Te Anamata i Muri i te 5nm
Ka neke ngā whakatipuranga i muri i te 5nm ki te 4nm, 3nm, me tua atu, me te piki haere o te kiato me te whai huatanga o ngā transistors. Kei te neke atu hoki te umanga i ngā FinFET ki ngā transistors o te whakatipuranga e whai ake nei pērā i ngā GAAFET (Gate-All-Around FETs) i ētahi pūnga, e tuku ana i te whakahaere hongere pai ake. Hei tāpiri, kei te piki haere te hiranga o ngā huarahi "kei tua atu i te whakaiti", pērā i ngā maramara iti, te whakarārangi 3D, me te takai matatau hei whakapai ake i te mahi i tua atu i te whakaiti noa i ngā pūnga.
Whakamutunga
Ko te hangarau hanga maramara 5nm e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā waea atamai he tohu nui i roto i te umanga semiconductor, e whakakotahi ana i te hoahoa transistor matatau, ngā tukanga lithography hou (tae atu ki te EUV), me ngā mana whakahaere hanga tino tika. Mō ngā kaiwhakamahi, ka kawea mai e te 5nm te mahi teitei ake, te pai ake o te kaha o te mana, me te kaha ake o te AI me ngā kaha kāmera rorohiko. Ahakoa ngā utu me ngā wero nui, ko te pona 5nm he turanga nui e akiaki ana i te auahatanga i roto i ngā waea atamai matua, e whakatakoto ana i te ara mō ngā whakatupuranga o muri mai o ngā tukanga iti ake, pai ake.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi momo tuhituhi kairīpoata, ki tētahi momo pūtaiao, ki te tāpiri rānei i ētahi tauira o ngā maramara 5nm rongonui me tētahi whakatairite poto.
