Ngā Āhuatanga me ngā Ariā o ngā Waikawa me ngā Kawenga
He wāhanga nui o te matū te mārama ki ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore mai anō i ngā wā onamata. Ehara i te mea he mea taketake noa iho tēnei ariā mō ngā akoranga matū kura engari he mea nui anō hoki mō ngā mahi ahumahi, ahuwhenua, hauora, me ngā mahi o ia rā. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga me ngā ariā o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore, me te whakarato i ngā whakamārama hōhonu me ētahi mahi whai hua.
Te Whakamāramatanga o ngā Waikawa me ngā Kawenga
Ko te tikanga whānui, ko te waikawa he matū ka taea te tuku i ngā iona hauwai (H+) ina rewa ki te wai, ko te kawakore ia he matū ka taea te tuku i ngā iona hauwai (OH-) ina rewa ki te wai.
Whakamāramatanga E ai ki te Ariā Arrhenius
Ko te ariā Arrhenius tētahi o ngā ariā tawhito rawa atu e whakarato ana i te whakamāramatanga o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore. E ai ki tēnei ariā:
– He matū te waikawa e whakaputa ana i ngā iona H+ i roto i te wairewa.
– He matū te kawakore e whakaputa ana i ngā iona OH- i roto i te wairewa.
Heoi, he iti noa iho ngā herenga o tēnei ariā nā te mea e pā ana ki ngā otinga wai anake, ā, kāore e whakamārama i te whanonga o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore i roto i ētahi atu whakarewa.
Whakamāramatanga E ai ki te Ariā Bronsted-Lowry
Hei whakakore i ngā herenga o te ariā Arrhenius, kei konei te ariā Bronsted-Lowry, e whakarato ana i tētahi whakamāramatanga whānui ake:
– He kaituku pūmua (H+) ngā waikawa.
– He kaiwhiwhi pūmua (H+) te pūtake.
He whānui ake tēnei whakamāramatanga, ā, ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā tauhohenga kāore e uru ana te wai.
Whakamāramatanga E ai ki te Ariā Lewis
Ko tētahi atu ariā e whakawhānui ake ana i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore ko te ariā a Lewis. E ai ki a G.N. Lewis:
– He kaiwhiwhi takirua irahiko ngā waikawa.
– He kaituku takirua irahiko te turanga.
Mā tēnei whakamāramatanga, ka taea e tātou te mārama ki ngā tauhohenga waikawa-pūtake hei taunekeneke i waenga i ngā kaituku me ngā kaiwhiwhi takirua irahiko, e whakarato ana i tētahi whakamārama whānui ake mō ngā tauhohenga matū e puta ana.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana me te Matū o ngā Waikawa me ngā Kawenga
Āhama
1. Te reka kawa: He reka motuhake tō ngā waikawa, arā, he kawa. Hei tauira, ko te waikawa citric i roto i ngā rēmana, ko te waikawa acetic rānei i roto i te winika.
2. pH iti: Kei raro iho i te 7 te pH o ngā waikawa. Ka iti ake te pH, ka kaha ake te waikawa.
3. Te Tauhohenga: Ka tauhohe ngā waikawa ki ngā konganuku hei whakaputa i te hau hauwai. Hei tauira, ko te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa hauwai (HCl) me te konutea (Zn) ka puta te konutea konutea (ZnCl2) me te hau hauwai (H2).
4. Te Arahi Ira: Ka arahina te hiko e ngā otinga waikawa nā te mea kei reira ngā iona e nekeneke noa ana.
Reo
1. Te reka kawa: He kawa te reka o ngā kawa. Hei tauira, he pahekeheke te āhua o te konutai hauwai (NaOH) ki te kiri.
2. Te pH teitei: Kei runga ake i te 7 te pH o ngā kawakore. Ka teitei ake te pH, ka kaha ake te kawakore.
3. Te Tauhohenga: Ka tauhohe ngā turanga ki ngā waikawa hei whakaputa tote me te wai i roto i te tauhohenga whakakorekore. Hei tauira, ko te tauhohenga i waenga i te hauwai konutai (NaOH) me te waikawa hauwai hauwai (HCl) ka puta he hauwai konutai (NaCl) me te wai (H2O).
4. Te Ahumahi: Ka arahina hoki te hiko e ngā otinga turanga nā te mea kei reira ngā katote e nekeneke noa ana.
Ngā Tohu Waikawa me te Tūāpapa
He matū te tohu e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te waikawa, te turanga rānei o tētahi otinga. Ka huri te tae o ngā tohu ina tāpirihia ki tētahi waikawa, ki tētahi turanga rānei. Ko ētahi tohu e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
1. Ritmus: Ka huri te pepa ritmus whero ki te kikorangi ina whakanohoia ki roto i te otinga taketake, ā, ka huri te pepa ritmus kikorangi ki te whero ina whakanohoia ki roto i te otinga waikawa.
2. Phenolphthalein: Kāore he tae o te Phenolphthalein i roto i ngā otinga waikawa, engari ka huri hei māwhero i roto i ngā otinga taketake.
3. Karaka metila: Whero i roto i te wai waikawa, ka huri hei kōwhai i roto i te wai taketake.
4. Kahurangi Bromthymol: He kōwhai i roto i te wairewa waikawa, he kahurangi hoki i roto i te wairewa papatipu.
Tauine pH
Ko te ine pH he huarahi hei ine i te waikawa, te kawakore rānei o tētahi otinga. Kei waenganui i te 0 ki te 14 te ine, e whai ake nei:
– pH 0-6: Waikawa, ko te pH 0 he tino waikawa.
– pH 7: Kūpapa.
– pH 8-14: Kawakore, ko te pH 14 he tino kawakore.
Ka taea te ine i te pH mā te whakamahi i te pepa pH, e huri ana te tae i runga i te taumata pH o te wairewa, mā te whakamahi rānei i te mita pH hiko, he taputapu tika ake mō te ine i te pH.
Ariā Whakakore
Ko te whakapūmau he tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa me te kawakore e whakaputa ana i te tote me te wai. He mea nui tēnei tauhohenga i roto i ngā mahi maha, tae atu ki te maimoatanga wai para me te maimoatanga o ngā mate puku. Ko tētahi tauira o te tauhohenga whakapūmau ko te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa hauwaiora (HCl) me te konutai hauwaiora (NaOH):
\[ \kuputuhi{HCl} + \kuputuhi{NaOH} \rightarrow \kuputuhi{NaCl} + \kuputuhi{H}_2\kuputuhi{O} \]
Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Waikawa me ngā Kawenga
He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā, me ngā mahi ahumahi:
1. Ahumahi:
– Ka whakamahia te waikawa whanariki (H2SO4) ki te hanga tongi, pākahiko, me ngā hopi horoi.
– Ka whakamahia ngā turanga pēnei i te hauwai konutai (NaOH) hei hanga hopi me te pepa.
2. Whare:
– Kei roto i te winika te waikawa acetic (CH3COOH) e whakamahia ana hei mea kakara mō te kīhini.
– Ko te houra tunutunu (konutai paikāpōnate, NaHCO3) he turanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te tunu kai hei whakapūpū i te paraoa.
3. Hauora:
– Ka taea te rongoā i ngā mate puku mā te whakamahi i ngā rongoā antacid, he kawakore te nuinga, hei whakakore i te waikawa nui o te puku.
– He mea nui te pH kiri hauora hei pupuri i te taurite o ngā huakita pai i runga i te kiri, he maha ngā wā ka whakatikatikaina ngā hua tiaki kiri ki te pH.
4. Taiao:
– Ko te whakahaere para ahumahi he tikanga whakakore i te wai hei whakarite kia kore te para e tino waikawa, e tino kawakore rānei i mua i te tukunga ki te taiao.
– He mea nui te ine i te pH o te oneone i roto i te ahuwhenua kia tino tupu pai ai ngā tipu i te pH e tika ana.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui o te matū te ariā o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakawa, ā, he maha ngā whakamahinga mahi i roto i te oranga o ia rā me te ahumahi. Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga me te whanonga o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakawa, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i tēnei mātauranga ki te whānuitanga o ngā whakamahinga, mai i te hauora ki te whakahaere taiao. Ko ngā ariā o Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, me Lewis e whakarato ana i ngā anga hei āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā tauhohenga matū e pā ana ki ngā waikawa me ngā kawakawa, he painga anō tō ia kawakawa. Mā tēnei ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i ngā waikawa me ngā kawakawa mō ngā kaupapa whai hua.
