Te Ariā a Darwin mō te Pūtake o te Ora
He maha ngā wā ka hē te whakaaro ki ngā kōrero mō te takenga mai o te ora, he rite tonu ki te ariā o te whanaketanga. I roto i te hītori o te pūtaiao, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana a Charles Darwin (1809–1882) mō tana whakamārama i te hanganga me te huringa o te kanorau o ngā mea ora i roto i ngā whakatipuranga mā te tikanga kōwhiringa taiao. Heoi, kāore a Darwin i whakawhanake i tētahi ariā katoa mō te putanga tuatahi mai o te ora i ngā mea kore-ora. Ahakoa rā, ko ngā whakaaro o Darwin mō te whanaketanga i whakarato i tētahi anga pūtaiao tino whai mana mō te mārama ki te whanaketanga o te ora i muri i tōna oranga. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te "ariā Darwinian mō te takenga mai o te ora" i tōna tikanga tika: ko ngā mea i whakamāramahia e Darwin, ko ngā mea kāore i whakamāramahia e ia i roto i ngā taipitopito, me te huarahi i whakatakoto ai tana whakaaro i te ara mō te rangahau pūtaiao mō ngā takenga mai o te ora.
Ko Darwin me te kaupapa matua o tana ariā: te whanaketanga, ehara i te "hanganga tuatahi"
I whakaputa a Darwin i tana mahi whakahirahira, On the Origin of Species (1859), hei aro atu ki te pātai mō te takenga mai o ngā momo - ehara i te takenga mai o te ora mai i te tīmatanga. I te whakamahinga a Darwin i te kupu "takenga", ko tana tikanga ko te takenga mai o ngā momo mā te tukanga o te huringa āta haere, ehara i te takenga mai o te pūtau tuatahi. Ko te kaupapa matua o tana ariā ko ngā taupori o ngā rauropi he rerekētanga, ā, nā te iti o ngā rauemi, ka puta he "pakanga mō te oranga". Mā ngā rerekētanga pai i roto i te taiao ka nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā tāngata takitahi ki te ora me te whakaputa uri, kia nui ake ai ngā āhuatanga i roto i ngā whakatupuranga o muri mai. I huaina e ia tēnei tikanga ko te kōwhiringa taiao.
Arā, i tukuna e Darwin tētahi whakamārama pūtaiao mō te āhua o te hurihanga me te horapa o ngā mea ora ki ngā momo āhua maha, ka hua ake te kanorau o te Ao. I arotahi ia ki ngā tukanga koiora e kitea ana: te rerekētanga, te tuku iho (ahakoa kāore anō kia puta te ira hou), te urutau, me te huringa roa.
Ko te ariā o te "tūpuna noa" me te rākau o te ora
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Tāwini ki te takenga mai o te ora ko te ariā o te hekenga tahi. I whakaaro a Tāwini ko ngā rauropi katoa i ahu mai i tētahi, i ētahi rānei momo ora o mua. I whakaahuahia e ia te hītori o te ora hei rākau manga: mai i te kakau kotahi, ka puta mai ngā manga, kātahi ka manga ki ngā rōpū rauropi e mōhiotia ana e tātou.
He mea nui tēnei ariā nā te mea ka nekehia te tirohanga a te tangata mai i te kupu "i hangaia motuhaketia ngā momo" ki te "he whanaunga ngā momo." Nō reira, mēnā he "tīmatanga" tūturu o te ora, i whakaaro a Darwin i muri i taua tīmatanga, ka whai te whanaketanga i muri mai i tētahi tukanga taiao me te kore e whakawhirinaki ki ngā kaupapa motuhake mō ia momo.
Te kōwhiringa taiao hei mīhini mō te whakaputa uauatanga
I whakamārama anō hoki a Darwin me pēhea te puta ake o ngā hanganga uaua me te kore he hoahoa tika, mā te kohikohinga o ngā huringa iti i tātarihia e te kōwhiringa taiao. Hei tauira, ko te kanohi—e whakamahia ana hei tauira o tētahi okana uaua—e whakamāramahia ana ko te hua o ngā huringa āta haere mai i tētahi āhua māmā, tairongo ki te mārama ki ngā hanganga e kaha haere ana te whai hua. Ka whakawhiwhia e ia taahiraa iti tētahi painga motuhake, ka nui ake te tūponotanga kia mau tonu i roto i te taupori.
I roto i te horopaki whānui o ngā "takenga mai," ka homai e te whakamārama a Darwin he whakautu ki te pātai matarohia: me pēhea te puta mai o te uauatanga koiora? Ko te whakautu a Darwin: kāore e hiahiatia kia puta katoa te uauatanga i te wā kotahi; ka taea te puta mā te tukanga āta haere e whakamahi ana i te rerekētanga me te kōwhiringa taiao.
He aha tā Darwin i kī ai mō te ora tuatahi?
I āta whakaaro a Tāwini i te pātai mō te takenga mai o te ora. I tōna wā, kāore anō kia tino matatau te matū me te koiora pūtau ki te whakamārama i te tukanga e taea ai e te ora te hanga mai i te mea kore ora. Kāore a Tāwini i whakatakoto i tētahi tauira taipitopito, ka taea te whakamātautau pērā i te kōwhiringa taiao. Heoi, kāore ia i whakakore i te tūponotanga i ahu mai te ora i ngā tukanga taiao.
Ko tētahi whakaaro e pā ana ki a Tāwini ko te whakaaro "puna iti mahana". I roto i tētahi reta whaiaro ki a Joseph Dalton Hooker (1871), i whakaaro a Tāwini tera pea i ahu mai te ora i tētahi puna iti, mahana, me ngā matū, te wera, te hiko (hei tauira, te uira), me ngā āhuatanga e pai ana mō te hanganga o ngā matū matatini. Kāore ia i kī koinei te ariā whakamutunga, engari he mea pea e tika ana. Ahakoa he whakaaro noa iho, he whai mana te whakaaro nā te mea i whakaatu i te tūnga o Tāwini: ka taea te whakamārama i ngā takenga mai o te ora e ngā ture o te taiao.
Te Whakakorenga o te Whakatupuranga Tūroa Matarohia a Darwin
I te rautau 19, kei te haere tonu te tautohetohe mō te whakaputa uri tūpono: te whakapono ka taea e ngā mea ora te puta noa mai i ngā mea kore ora i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, pērā i ngā kutukutu e "puta" mai ana i te mīti pirau. I whakaatuhia i muri mai e ngā rangahau a Louis Pasteur me ētahi atu ko te ora (i raro i ngā āhuatanga i kitea i taua wā) i puta mai i te ora o mua, ehara i te mea i puta noa mai i te oranga o ia rā.
I whakaae a Tāwini kāore te whakatupuranga ā-pūtaiao e puta pēnei i ngā whakaaro o mua. Heoi, i waiho e ia te tūponotanga he tino rerekē ngā āhuatanga o te Ao, ā, i puta pea ngā tauhohenga matū onge i ēnei rā. Nō reira, i whakakahoretia e Tāwini te whakatupuranga ā-pūtaiao hei mea e kitea whānuitia ana, engari kāore i whakakore i te tūponotanga i ngā rā tōmua o te Ao, i puta mai ngā momo ora māmā i ngā tukanga taiao.
Te tūranga o te rerekētanga me te tuku iho: ngā herenga i te wā o Darwin
Ko tētahi atu kaupapa matua hei mārama ki a Tāwini ko ngā herenga o te mātauranga ira i taua wā. Kāore a Tāwini i te mōhio ki te DNA, ki ngā tikanga tuku iho rānei o ēnei rā. I mārama ia he tuku iho ngā āhuatanga, engari kāore i te mārama ngā tikanga. Ahakoa rā, i mau tonu tana ariā nā te mea i ahu mai i te mātakitaki: he rerekē ngā tāngata takitahi i roto i te taupori, ā, ko ētahi rerekētanga e pā ana ki ō rātou tupono ki te ora me te whakaputa uri.
Ka pāngia ngā kōrero mō ngā takenga mai o te ora e tēnei herenga, nā te mea, hei whakamārama i te putanga mai o ngā momo ora tuatahi, me mārama tātou ki te āhua o te penapena me te tārua o ngā mōhiohio koiora. Kāore i a Darwin tētahi anga ariā mō ngā mōhiohio ira. Nō reira, ehara i te mea miharo kāore ia i tuku i tētahi ariā taipitopito mō te putanga mai o te pūnaha tuku iho tuatahi.
Mai i a Darwin ki ngā ariā hou mō te tīmatanga o te ora
Ahakoa kāore a Tāwini i whakatakoto i te ariā o te ora i roto i te tirohanga matū-koiora o ēnei rā, i āwhina āna takoha ki te hanga i te whakaaro pūtaiao mō te ora. I kī a Tāwini ka taea te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga koiora mā roto i ngā take taiao ōrite, me te kore e hiahiatia he wawaotanga motuhake mō ia rauropi. Nā tēnei tūnga tikanga i akiaki ngā kaipūtaiao o muri mai ki te whai i te rangahau pūtaiao mō ngā takenga mai o te ora.
I te rautau 20, i whanake te ako i ngā takenga mai o te ora hei mara motuhake e kiia nei ko te abiogenesis, ko te whanaketanga matū rānei. I ngana ngā whakamātautau pēnei i a Miller–Urey (1953) ki te whakamātautau mēnā ka taea te hanga i ngā ngota waro māmā mai i ngā hau i whakaarohia i roto i te āhuarangi taketake o te Ao. Kātahi ka puta te ariā "ao RNA", te ako i ngā pūnga waiariki, me ētahi atu tauira. Kāore tētahi o ēnei i ahu tika mai i a Darwin hei ariā tino katoa, engari ko te wairua o Darwin—arā, ka taea e ngā tukanga taiao āta whakaputa i te uaua—e hangai ana ki ngā huarahi hou.
Whakamutunga
Mena ka māramahia te "ariā a Darwin mō te takenga mai o te ora" hei ariā mō te putanga mai o te ora tuatahi mai i te mea kore-ora, kāore a Darwin i whakarato i tētahi whakamārama taipitopito me te whakamutunga. Ko tana arotahi matua ko te takenga mai o ngā momo mā te whanaketanga, inā koa ko te tikanga o te kōwhiringa taiao, me te ariā o tētahi tūpuna kotahi e hanga ana i te pūtake o te rākau o te ora. Engari he mana nui anō hoki tō Darwin: i whakakaha ake e ia te tirohanga ka taea te mārama ki te ora me tōna kanorau mā roto i ngā ture taiao, ā, i waiho e ia te tūponotanga ka puta te ora tuatahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē i runga i te Ao taketake, i a ia e whakapae ana me te ariā o "ngā roto mahana iti."
Nō reira, ko te takoha a Darwin ki te tautohetohe mō te takenga mai o te ora kei roto i tana anga whanaketanga me te whakaaro pūtaiao i whakaoho ake i ngā rangahau. I whakamārama a Darwin i te huringa me te whanaketanga o te ora i muri i tōna putanga mai—he whakamārama i noho hei pūtake mō te koiora hou—i te mea ko te pātai mō te putanga tuatahi mai o te ora i noho hei kaupapa pūtaiao mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
