Te Hītori o te Whanaketanga o ngā Tuhinga o te Ao
He whakaata te tuhinga o te ao i te ao tūroa o te tangata. Mā roto i ngā mahi tuhituhi, ka kitea e tātou te māramatanga o te tangata ki te ao, te whakatakoto uara, te whakanui i te ataahua, me te arotake i te mana me te hē i te wā kotahi. Ehara te hītori o te whanaketanga o te tuhinga o te ao i te mea rārangi, engari e neke ana i roto i ngā wā, ngā rohe, ngā reo, me ngā tikanga tuku iho. Mai i ngā kōrero ā-waha e waiatatia ana i te taha o ngā ahi ahi ki ngā pukapuka hou me ngā tuhinga matihiko, ka whanake tonu te tuhinga me ngā nekehanga o te hapori. Ko te tirohanga whānui tēnei o te haerenga roa o te tuhinga o te ao.
1. Ngā Pūtake Tūturu: Ngā Pūtake o Mua
I mua noa atu i te hanganga o te tuhituhi a te tangata, i te kōrero ā-waha ngā tuhinga. Ko ngā kōrero tuku iho, ko ngā pūrākau o te hanganga, ko ngā pūrākau toa, ko ngā karakia, me ngā waiata kawa i tukuna iho i ia whakatipuranga ki ia whakatipuranga. Ehara i te mea he whakangahau noa iho ēnei tikanga tuku iho, engari he taputapu anō hoki mō te ako matatika, he whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga taiao, he whakakaha i te tuakiri rōpū, he huarahi hoki hei tiaki i te hītori.
Ko ngā pūrākau rongonui pērā i te Iliad me te Odyssey, i tuhia i muri mai ki Kariki, he pūtake nō ngā kōrero tuku iho. Kei ētahi atu wāhi o te ao anō hoki ngā kōrero tuku iho rite: ko ngā kōrero mō ngā griot i Āwherika ki te Hauāuru, ko ngā pūrākau me ngā rotarota e waiatatia ana i te ao Mareia, me ngā kōrero pūrākau rongonui i Īnia i whanake hei Mahabharata me Ramayana. Ko ngā tuhinga kōrero tuku iho he wā i mārama ai ngā kupu he mana nui—ka taea e rātou te whakaora, te kanga, te whakapakari, te whakakotahi rānei.
2. Te Whānautanga o te Tuhituhi me te Pānuitanga Tawhito
Nā te whanaketanga o te tuhituhi i huaki ai tētahi upoko hou. Nā te kaha ki te tuhi, kāore i whakawhirinaki katoa ngā tuhinga ki te mahara ā-rōpū. Ka tīmata ngā mahi tawhito ki te hanga i tētahi "tikanga" ahurea ka mau tonu mō ngā mano tau.
Ko tētahi o ngā mahi tawhito ko te Epiko o Kirikamehi mai i Mehopotamia, e tūhura ana i ngā kaupapa o te ora tonu, te whakahoahoa, me te wehi tangata ki te mate. I Ihipa onamata, i whakakotahi ngā tuhinga pēnei i te Pukapuka o te Hunga Mate i ngā inoi, ngā mantra, me te arataki wairua. I Haina, i puta mai ngā tuhinga tawhito pēnei i te Shijing (Pukapuka Waiata), kei roto ngā rotarota tuku iho me ngā rotarota o te kooti, tae atu ki ngā tikanga rapunga whakaaro i awe i ngā tuhinga, pēnei i te Confucianism me te Taoism.
I taua wā, i Kariki me Rōma, i tupu te tuhituhi: ngā pōuri o Āeschylus, Sophocles, me Euripides; ngā katakata a Aristophanes; me ngā rotarota epic me ngā kupu waiata i hanga hei pūtake mō te ariā ataahua o te Hauāuru. I Rōma, i tuhia e Virgil te Aeneid, he epic i whakakotahi i te pūrākau me te whakatairanga tōrangapū.
3. Ngā tuhinga o te wā o waenganui: Te whakapono, te pūrākau, me te aroha
Ko te Waenganui o ngā Tau (tata ki te rautau 5 ki te 15) he maha ngā wā e hono ana ki te mana o te whakapono, engari i tēnei wā i horapa whānuitia ai ngā tuhinga puta noa i ngā reo me ngā momo. I Ūropi, i tupu ngā mahi Karaitiana, me ngā pūrākau toa pērā i a Beowulf me The Song of Roland. Nā ngā kōrero mō Kingi Arthur me ngā Knights of the Round Table i ara ake ai te tikanga aroha, e whakanui ana i te aroha, te honore, me te mōrearea.
I te ao Ihirama, i pāngia te ao tuhituhi e te wā koura. I whanake te rotarota Arapi me te mana whaikōrero, i te wā i whānau mai ai ngā kaitito rongonui a Pāhia pērā i a Rumi, Hafez, me Ferdowsi me te Shahnameh. I roto i tēnei tikanga, ko ngā kaupapa o te aroha ngaro, te rapu i te Atua, me te whakaaroaro matatika te mea matua. Ko te kohinga o ngā kōrero o te Mano Kotahi Pō e whakaatu ana hoki i te ataahua o ngā kōrero kua whakatakotoria ki roto i te whakakatakata, te aituā me te wawata.
I Āhia ki te Rawhiti, i hangaia e Hapani ngā mahi whakahirahira pērā i a The Tale of Genji (Murasaki Shikibu), e kiia ana ko te pukapuka tawhito rawa atu o te ao, nā te whakaahua taipitopito o te hinengaro me te oranga o te kooti. E whakaatu ana ngā tikanga tuhituhi o Āhia kāore i ahu mai ngā auahatanga kōrero i te Hauāuru anake.
4. Te Whakahoutanga me te Whakapono Tangata: Ko te Tangata kei te Pokapū
I te wā o te Renaissance (rau tau 14 ki te 17) i kitea ai te hokinga mai o te hiahia ki ngā tuhinga tawhito o Kariki-Rōmana me te whānautanga o te whakaaro tangata—he tirohanga i whakanoho i te tangata, te whakaaro nui, me ngā wheako o te ao ki waenganui o te aro. I Itari, i tuhia e Dante te Divine Comedy, i whakawhanakehia e Petrarch te sonnet, ā, i tuhia e Boccaccio te Decameron, i whakakotahi i te pūrākau aroha, te satire, me te arotake pāpori.
I Ingarangi, ko Shakespeare te tohu o te tihi o te whakaari o te Renaissance. I whakaatuhia e āna mahi ngā uauatanga o te tangata: te hiahia nui, te hae, te aroha, te mana, me te aituā matatika. I Pāniora, i tuhia e Cervantes a Don Quixote, he mahi e kiia ana he tohu nui i roto i te pukapuka hou mō tana takaro i waenga i te mooni me te whakaaro auaha, me tana arotake i te toa aroha.
Nā te hanga a Gutenberg i te mīhini tā i tere ake te horapa o ngā pukapuka. Nāwai ā, ka māmā ake te uru atu ki ngā tuhinga, ka neke haere mai i te mana o ngā kōti me ngā whare karakia ki tētahi ao whānui ake.
5. Te Māramatanga me te Whānautanga o te Pukapuka Hou
I ngā rautau 17 me 18, i whakanuia e te Wā Māramatanga te whakaaro nui, te pūtaiao, me te whakahē i te mana tuku iho. I noho te tuhituhi hei waka mō ngā tautohetohe pāpori me te tōrangapū. I Parani, i tuhi a Voltaire i ngā kōrero whakatoi whakaaro; i Ingarangi, i puta mai ngā mahi pēnei i a Robinson Crusoe (Defoe) me Gulliver's Travels (Swift), e whakakotahi ana i te mōrearea me te whakahē pakari i te hapori.
I tēnei wā, i whanake te pukapuka hei momo pukapuka nui. I taea e ia te whakaatu i te oranga o ia rā, te akomanga pāpori, me ngā huringa ōhanga. I tukuna he wāhi ki ngā kiripuaki "noa", ehara i te mea ko ngā toa, ā, i whakaatuhia ngā mea tūturu e tata ana ki ngā kaipānui.
6. Te Aroha, te Tūturu, me te Taiao
I te rautau 19, i kitea te tauhohenga ki te whakaaro whānui o te Māramatanga. I whakanuia e te Romanticism te kare ā-roto, te whakaaro auaha, te taiao, me te herekoretanga takitahi. I whakanuia e ngā kaitito pērā i a Wordsworth rāua ko Goethe ngā wheako ā-roto me te rapu i te tikanga o te ora. I kitea anō hoki i tēnei wā te whānautanga o ngā mahi pakiwaitara gothic me te pōuri i whakawhānui ake i ngā rohe o ngā tuhinga.
Heoi, nā te ahumahi me te huringa pāpori i whānau mai te Realism: he tuhinga i whai ki te whakaahua i te oranga i tōna āhua o mua. I whakanuia e Charles Dickens te rawakore o te tāone; i tūhuratia e Tolstoy rāua ko Dostoevsky ngā uauatanga matatika me te hinengaro; i maherehia e Balzac te hapori Wīwī me te taipitopito. I muri mai, i panaia e te Naturalism te realism ki te tino taumata, me te whakanui i te determinism - ko te tangata he mea hanga e ngā āhuatanga taiao, ōhanga, me te koiora.
7. Te Ao Hou: Ngā Whakamātautau i roto i ngā Āhua Hou me te Hinengaro
I puta mai ngā raruraru nui i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20: ngā pakanga o te ao, te hinganga o ngā emepaea, te noho tāone nui, me te raruraru tuakiri. I puta ake te ao hou hei whakautu, me te whakamātautau i te āhua me te reo. Kāore i hiahiatia kia rārangi ngā kōrero; ka taea te wehewehe i ngā kaupapa; ka taea te rere noa ngā whakaaro o ngā kiripuaki i roto i te awa o te hinengaro.
Nā James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, rāua ko Franz Kafka i whakaputa ngā mahi i hopu i te whakawehewehenga o te tangata o ēnei rā. Nā ngā rotarota a T.S. Eliot i hopu te wehewehenga o tētahi ahurea pakarukaru. I whakaatu te ao hou ehara i te mea he kōrero pakiwaitara anake te tuhinga engari he pātai anō hoki mō te āhua o te kōrero pakiwaitara.
8. Ngā Tuhinga o Muri i te Ao Hou me te Ao Hou: He maha ngā Reo, he maha ngā Tirohanga
I muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ka puta te ao o muri-hou, ka whakahē i ngā pono takitahi, ā, he maha ngā wā ka takaro ki te tawai, te parōti, me te metafiction. I pātaihia e ngā mahi o muri-hou ngā rohe i waenga i te meka me te pakiwaitara, te kaituhi me te kaipānui, te hītori me te kōrero.
I taua wā anō, kei te piki haere te maha o ngā tuhinga o te ao. Kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā reo o ngā whenua whai muri i te koroni, e aro ana ki ngā kaupapa o te tuakiri, te mamae o te koroni, te hekenga, me te ātete ahurea. Kei te whanake haere ngā tuhinga o Amerika Latina mā te ao tūturu makutu—he momo kōrero pakiwaitara e whakakotahi ana i te mooni pāpori me ngā āhuatanga pakiwaitara. Kei te piki haere hoki te kōrero mō ngā tuhinga o Āwherika, o Āhia ki te Tonga, me Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti puta noa i te ao.
I tēnei ao hou, e hono ana hoki ngā tuhinga ki te hangarau: ngā pukapuka matihiko, ngā papaaho tuhituhi ipurangi, me ngā momo kōrero taunekeneke. Ahakoa te hurihanga o ngā pāpāho, kei te mau tonu te hiahia o te tangata ki ngā kōrero: kia mārama ki a tātou anō me te ao.
Te Katinga
Ko te hītori o te whanaketanga o ngā tuhinga o te ao he hītori o ngā panonitanga o te huarahi e kōrero ai te tangata mō te ao. Mai i ngā pūrākau ā-waha ki ngā pukapuka hou, mai i ngā rotarota wairua ki ngā kōrero whakatoi tōrangapū, he wāhi tūtaki tonu te tuhinga i waenganui i te whakaaro auaha me te mooni. Ka tiakina e ia te mahara o te katoa, ka whakapuaki i ngā whakahē, ka poipoi i te aroha, ā, ka whakarei ake i te reo. Koia te take kāore e mutu te tuhinga o te ao—ka haere tonu te whanaketanga i a te tangata e pātai tonu ana, e moemoeā ana, e rapu ana i te tikanga i roto i te haerenga o te ao tūroa.
