Te Hītori o te Whanaketanga o te Kōmiuniti i te Ao
Ko te Kōmiuniti, he ariā tōrangapū me te ōhanga e tautoko ana i te whakakorenga o ngā taonga tūmataiti me te whakatūnga o tētahi hapori kore akomanga, he hītori roa, he matatini hoki. Mai i tōna tīmatanga i te rautau 19, he pānga nui tō te kōmiuniti ki ngā hanganga pāpori, tōrangapū, me te ōhanga o te maha o ngā whenua o te ao. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te whanaketanga o te kōmiuniti mai i ōna pūtake tuatahi ki tōna tūranga i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū o te ao i ēnei rā.
Ngā Pūtake o te Whakaaroaro: Marx rāua ko Engels
E hono whānuitia ana te komunisi hou ki a Karl Marx rāua ko Friedrich Engels, he tokorua whakaaro Tiamana i tūhura i te ariā utopian o te hapori kore akomanga. I te tau 1848, i whakaputaina e rāua te "Communist Manifesto," e karanga ana ki te hunga mahi o te ao kia kotahi te ao ki te whakahē i te mahi whakatoi a te hunga pūtea. I whakaahuahia e Marx rāua ko Engels te hītori hei raupapa pakanga akomanga i waenga i te hunga e tukinotia ana me te hunga mana, ā, i kite rāua i te hurihanga a te hunga mahi hei ara ki te whakaoranga mai i te pūnaha pūtea tukino.
E ai ki a Marx rāua ko Engels, i roto i te hapori komunista, ka riro mā te katoa ngā tikanga whakaputa, ā, ko te tohatoha o ngā taonga ka ahu mai i te hiahia, kaua i te hua. I ahu mai tā rātou ariā i te whakahē i te pūnaha tāpui moni, i kite rātou he pūnaha e kore e hanga noa i te kore taurite ōhanga engari e pahua ana hoki i te herekoretanga o te tangata.
Te Huringa Rūhia me te Whakatūnga o te Uniana Sōviete
Ko tētahi o ngā tohu nui o te hītori i roto i te whanaketanga o te kōmiuniti ko te Huringa Rūhia o te tau 1917. I angitu ngā Bolshevik, he wāhanga o te Rōpū Kōmiuniti Rūhia i arahina e Vladimir Lenin, ki te turaki i te Kāwanatanga Whakawātea o Rūhia me te whakatū i te kāwanatanga kōmiuniti tuatahi o te ao. I whakarerekētia e Lenin ngā whakaakoranga a Marx kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o Rūhia, i wehewehe ai i a rātou mai i ngā ariā taketake o Marx.
I muri i te matenga o Lenin i te tau 1924, i haere tonu te whakatūnga o te Uniana Sōviete i raro i te kaiārahi o Lenin e Joseph Stalin. I raro i te kāwanatanga o Stalin, i tere te whanaketanga o te ahumahi o te Uniana Sōviete engari he nui te utu mō te hapori, tae atu ki ngā mahi whakahoro tōrangapū nanakia me te mahi takoha i roto i te gulag. Ahakoa rā, i riro te Uniana Sōviete hei tētahi o ngā mana nui o te ao i te rautau 20, ā, hei kaiwhakatairanga nui hoki i te whakaaro komunista.
Te Whānuitanga o te Kōmiuniti ki Āhia: Te Take o Haina
I Āhia, he nui te pānga o te kōmiuniti ki te hanganga o te Repupiripia o Haina i te tau 1949 whai muri i tētahi pakanga ā-iwi roa. I hinga te Kuomintang i te kaiārahi kōmiuniti Hainamana, a Mao Zedong, ā, i whakatinanahia e ia ngā whakarerekētanga ahuwhenua nui me ngā kaupapa here ahumahi. I te wā o te kingitanga o Mao, i pāngia a Haina e ngā raruraru pāpori me te ōhanga, tae atu ki te Huringa Ahurea me te Peke Nui ki Mua, i puta ai he mate nui ki te tangata me te ōhanga.
I muri i te matenga o Mao i te tau 1976, ka riro i a Deng Xiaoping te mana whakahaere, ā, ka tīmata ki te whakatinana i ngā whakarerekētanga ōhanga i whakatuwhera i ngā mākete o Haina ki te ao o waho. I a ia e pupuri ana i te mana tōrangapū pakari, i angitu a Deng ki te huri i a Haina hei mana ōhanga nui me te huarahi i whakakotahi i ngā āhuatanga mākete i roto i te horopaki o te pūnaha kotahi-rōpū.
Te Pakanga Matao me te horapa o te Kōmiuniti ā-Ao
Ko te Pakanga Matao tētahi atu wā nui i roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga o te kōmiuniti. I muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i wehea te ao kia rua ngā poraka e whakahē ana: ko te poraka Uru, i arahina e te Hononga o Amerika me ōna whakaaro kāpita-manapori, me te poraka Rawhiti, i arahina e te Uniana Sōviete me ōna whakaaro kōmiuniti.
He maha ngā whenua o Ūropi ki te Rawhiti, pērā i a Pōrana, i Romania, me Tiamana ki te Rawhiti, i noho hei whenua amiorangi i raro i te mana o te Uniana Sōviete, me te whakatinana i te tauira kāwanatanga kōmiuniti. I ētahi atu wāhi, pērā i Āwherika me Amerika Latina, i puta mai ngā nekehanga pakanga kōmiuniti, i te nuinga o te wā me te tautoko a te Uniana Sōviete, a Haina rānei.
I te wā o te Pakanga Matao, he maha ngā pakanga i waenganui i ngā whenua i tautokona e te US me te hunga i tautoko i te Uniana Sōviete, pērā i Korea me Vietnam. I Vietnam, whai muri i te pakanga roa i mutu i te tau 1975, i whakakotahitia te whenua i raro i te mana komunisi.
Te raruraru me te hinganga o te Kōmiuniti Sōviete
I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, ka tīmata te Uniana Sōviete me ōna hoa tautoko ki te tūtaki ki tētahi raruraru ōhanga me te raruraru tōrangapū nui. Kāore i taea e ngā whakarerekētanga i whakatinanahia e Mikhail Gorbachev, pērā i te Perestroika (te whakarerekētanga ōhanga) me te Glasnost (te tuwhera tōrangapū), te whakaora i tētahi pūnaha kua tata hinga.
I te tau 1991, ka memeha mana te Uniana Sōviete, ka mutu te mana whakahaere komunisi i Ūropi ki te Rawhiti. He maha ngā whenua Sōviete o mua me ō rātou whenua iti i tīmata ki te neke ki ngā ōhanga mākete me ngā pūnaha tōrangapū manapori, ahakoa kāore i te maeneene tonu tēnei whakawhiti.
Te Kōmiuniti i te rautau 21
Ahakoa kua heke te awe o te komunisi puta noa i te ao mai i te hinganga o te Uniana Sōviete, kei te mau tonu te whakaaro me te mahi i ētahi wāhanga o te ao. Ko Haina tonu te whenua komunisi tino angitu i te taha ōhanga, ahakoa he tauira kua tino urutau ki te pūnaha tāpua. Ko Kōrea-ki-te-Raki tonu te tauira o tētahi whenua he mana komunisi pakari, ahakoa he huarahi tino rerekē tana i tango ai, e whakaatu ana i te momo tino mana whakahaere.
I Amerika Latina, kei te pupuri tonu ētahi whenua, pērā i a Cuba me Venezuela, i ngā kāwanatanga i ahu mai i ngā mātāpono komunista, ahakoa ngā wero ōhanga me ngā wero tōrangapū. Kei te whai mana tonu ngā kaupapa pāpori e ahu mai ana i ngā whakaaro Marxist i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ao, inā koa i waenga i ngā kaiwhakahau e whawhai ana mō te tika pāpori me te ōhanga.
Whakamutunga
He kōrero whakamīharo te hītori o te whanaketanga o te kōmiuniti puta noa i te ao mō te pakanga ā-akomanga, te huringa pāpori, me te huringa tōrangapū. Mai i a Marx rāua ko Engels, nā rāua i whakatakoto tuatahi ōna whakaaro taketake, mā roto i ngā hurihanga nui i Rūhia me Haina, tae noa ki te pakanga ā-ao o te Pakanga Matao, kua waiho e te kōmiuniti he tohu hohonu ki te hītori o te tangata. Ahakoa kua memeha haere tōna awe i whakaritea ki tōna tihi i te rautau 20, kei te whai tikanga tonu te ariā kōmiuniti, ā, he awe i ngā whanaketanga tōrangapū me te pāpori i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ao.
