Hītori o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao
Ko te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao (1914–1918) tētahi o ngā kaupapa tino hirahira o te hītori o ēnei rā. Ko te pakanga, i uru atu ai ngā mana nui o te ao, i wehea kia rua ngā poraka matua, i puta ai te whakangaromanga whānui, i whakarerekē i te āhua tōrangapū, ā, i puta ai te hurihanga pāpori me te ōhanga. E kiia ana ko "Te Pakanga Nui" nā te mea he nui rawa te rahi me te pānga o mua. Hei mārama ki te whanaketanga o te pakanga me te take i tino hohonu ai tōna pānga, me tirotiro tātou i tōna papamuri, tōna huarahi, me ngā hua i mahue ki te ao.
Papamuri: Te Hanga Taumahatanga
I mua i te tau 1914, i roto a Ūropi i te āhua whakapae nui. He maha ngā āhuatanga nui i pana i te whenua ki te pakanga. Tuatahi, ko te iwi whenua, te whakapehapeha nui me te pono ki tōna iwi, i pana i ngā iwi Ūropi ki te whakataetae mō te mana, ā, i te wā kotahi ka ara ake te pakanga i roto i ngā rohe maha-iwi, inā koa i roto i ngā Balkans.
Ko te tuarua o ngā āhuatanga ko te imperialism, arā, ko te whakataetae mō ngā koroni i Āwherika me Āhia. He nui ngā rohe koroni i puritia e ngā emepaea o Peretānia me Wīwī, ko Tiamana ia—i te tau 1871 anake i kotahi ai—i mahue iho rātou, ā, i tono kia "tū ki te rā" mōna. Nā tēnei whakataetae i whakanui ake ngā taupatupatu ā-iwi, ā, i arahi atu ki ngā raruraru o te ao.
Ko te tuatoru o ngā āhuatanga ko te pakanga ā-iwi, te whakapono ko te mana hōia te mea nui ki te tiaki i te honore me ngā painga o te motu. Nā ngā mana nui i hanga ngā ope taua hou, i whakawhānui i ā rātou patu, ā, i whakawhanake i ngā mahere pakanga. Nā te whakataetae patu, tae atu ki te hanganga o ngā kaipuke pakanga nui me ngā pū nui taumaha, i piki ake ai te tūponotanga o ngā pakanga nui.
Hei whakamutunga, nā te hanganga o te pūnaha hononga i hanga te pūmanawa mō ngā pakanga ā-rohe kia piki ake hei pakanga ā-whenua. I tētahi taha ko ngā Mana Waenga, arā, ko Tiamana, ko Austria-Hungary, ā, muri iho ko te Emepaea Ottoman me Bulgaria. I tētahi atu taha ko ngā Mana Hoa, arā, ko Parani, ko Rūhia, me Peretānia, ā, muri iho, me te whakauru atu o ētahi atu iwi.
Te Whakaoho: Te Kohurutanga i Sarajevo
Ahakoa kua roa te piki haere o ngā taupatupatu, ko te mea i tino puta ai te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao ko ngā huihuinga o te 28 o Hune, 1914, i te wā i kōhurutia ai a Ātiduka Franz Ferdinand, te uri o te torona o Austro-Hungarian, i Sarajevo e Gavrilo Princip, he tangata whenua Serbian nō Bosnia. I puta te kōhurutanga i Bosnia, he rohe i raro i te mana o Austro-Hungarian engari he iwi Slavic ki te Tonga i pai ki te whakakotahi ki Serbia.
I whakapae a Austria-Hungary i a Serbia mō te kōhurutanga, ā, i tukuna e rātou he whakatau whakamutunga. I whakaae a Serbia ki ētahi o ngā tono, engari i whakakahoretia ētahi take i kiia he tūmomo whakawehi ki tōna mana motuhake. I muri mai ka whakapuakina e Austria-Hungary te pakanga ki a Serbia i te 28 o Hūrae, 1914. Nā roto i te whatunga o ngā hononga, ka tere te piki haere o te pakanga: i tautoko a Rūhia i a Serbia, i tautoko a Tiamana i a Austria-Hungary, ā, i uru atu a Wīwī me Peretānia.
Te Ara o te Pakanga: Mai i te Whakaekenga Tere ki te Pakanga Āwhata
I te tīmatanga o te pakanga, i whakatinanahia e Tiamana te Mahere Schlieffen, he rautaki hei hinga wawe i a Wīwī mā te whakaeke i roto i a Belgium, kātahi ka tahuri ki Rūhia. Heoi, nā te whakaekenga o Belgium i akiaki a Peretānia—nāna nei te kawenga ki te tiaki i te noho koretake o Belgian—ki te whakapuaki pakanga ki Tiamana.
I te taha Hauāuru (Wīwī–Belgium), i tere te memeha o ngā tumanako mō tētahi pakanga tere. Whai muri i ngā pakanga nui pērā i te Pakanga o Marne (1914), i piri ngā taha e rua ki tētahi pakanga roa, uaua hoki. I toro atu ngā awaawa mai i te Moana-a-Kiwa ki te rohe o Huiterangi. He tino kino ngā āhuatanga o ngā awaawa: te paru, te mate, te kore o ngā taonga, me te riri tonu o ngā whakaeke pū me ngā hau paitini.
I taua wā, i te taha rawhiti, he nui ake te rere o ngā pakanga nā te whānui o te rohe. I tūtaki a Tiamana me Austria-Hungary ki a Rūhia i roto i ētahi pakanga nui. Ahakoa he nui te ope taua a Rūhia, nā ngā raruraru whakaritenga me ngā ngoikore o te ahumahi i uaua ai te whakataetae ki te kaha hōia o Tiamana i te wā roa.
I ētahi atu wāhi, i puta anō hoki ngā pakanga i te Middle East, i Āwherika, me te moana. I uru atu te Emepaea Ottoman ki ngā Mana Waenga, ā, i akiaki i ngā Hoa ki te ngana ki te hopu i ngā whenua rautaki. Ko tētahi pakanga rongonui ko Gallipoli (1915), i te wā i ngana ai ngā ope Hoa ki te hopu i te Moana-a-Tara engari i rahua, ā, he nui ngā mate i pā ki a rātou.
Hangarau Hou me te Whakamataku
E kiia ana ko te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao te pakanga hou tuatahi nā te whakamahinga nui o ngā hangarau hōia. Nā ngā pū mīhini, ngā pū nui, ngā tāke (i whakaurua mai i te tau 1916), ngā waka ruku (ngā U-boat Tiamana), me ngā waka rererangi i whakarerekē te huarahi o te pakanga. I tua atu, ko te whakamahinga o ngā hau paitini pērā i te hau chlorine me te hau mustard i huri hei tohu mō ngā whakamataku o te pakanga, nā te mea i whara kino, i mate kino hoki ngā tāngata.
I roto i ngā pakanga nui pērā i a Verdun (1916) me Somme (1916) i kitea te nui o ngā parekura. I noho a Verdun hei tohu mō te manawanui o ngā Wīwī, ko Somme ia e maumaharatia ana mō ngā tekau mano o ngā parekura o ngā Peretānia i tōna rā tuatahi. I whakaatuhia e ēnei pakanga te āhua o te rautaki "whakaekenga mua" i arahi ai ki te aituā ina tūtaki ki ngā parepare hou.
Te Hononga o Amerika ki te Pakanga
I te tīmatanga, i noho kūpapa te Hononga o Amerika. Heoi, he maha ngā āhuatanga i ārahi i a ia ki te uru atu ki te pakanga i te tau 1917. Ko tētahi ko te pakanga raro moana kore here a Tiamana, i totohu ai ngā kaipuke hokohoko, tae atu ki ngā kaipuke e kawe ana i ngā Amerikana. I puta hoki te riri o te marea i te totohutanga o te Lusitania (1915), ahakoa kāore te Hononga o Amerika i uru atu ki te pakanga tae noa ki ngā tau e rua i muri mai.
Ko tētahi atu mea nui ko te Waea Waea Zimmermann, he karere huna a Tiamana e tuku ana i tētahi hononga ki a Mehiko me te kupu whakaari mō te whakahokinga mai o ngā whenua mena ka whakaekea e Mehiko te Hononga o Amerika. I te kitenga o tēnei waea waea, ka huri te whakaaro o te iwi o Amerika ki te tautoko i te pakanga. Nā te urunga mai o Amerika ki ngā Hoa Whenua i hoatu he mana nui ki te taha ōhanga me te taha hōia.
Te Mutunga o te Pakanga me te Whakaaetanga
I te mutunga o te pakanga, ka tino rerekē te āhua. E rua ngā hurihanga i pā ki a Rūhia i te tau 1917, ā, i te mutunga iho ka eke te mana o ngā Bolshevik ki te mana. Kātahi ka wehe atu a Rūhia i te pakanga mā te Tiriti o Brest-Litovsk (1918) me Tiamana. Heoi, ahakoa kua whakawhitihia e Tiamana āna hōia ki te taha Hauāuru, nā te taenga mai o ngā hōia o Amerika me te ngoikore o te ōhanga o ngā Mana Waenga i uaua haere ai te tūranga o Tiamana.
Nā te raupapa o ngā whakaekenga a ngā Hoa Whenua i te tau 1918 i akiaki a Tiamana kia hoki whakamuri. I roto i te motu, i pāngia a Tiamana e te koretake o te tōrangapū me te pēhanga pāpori. I te mutunga, i hainatia e Tiamana tētahi whakaaetanga whakamutu i te 11 o Noema, 1918. E whakanuia ana tēnei rā hei mutunga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ahakoa kāore i tīmata te tukanga tiriti rangimārie tae noa ki muri mai.
Te Pānga me te Taonga Tuku Iho o te Pakanga
I mate te miriona i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ngā hōia me ngā tāngata whenua, ā, i waiho ngā whara tinana me ngā mamae whānui. I hinga ngā emepaea nunui: i pakaru a Austria-Hungary hei whenua hou, i ngoikore te Emepaea Ottoman, kātahi ka memeha, ā, i rerekē ngā kāwanatanga o ngā Emepaea Tiamana me Rūhia. I tino rerekē te mapi o Ūropi, i te putanga mai o ngā whenua pēnei i a Czechoslovakia me Yugoslavia.
Nā te tiriti rangimārie matua, te Tiriti o Versailles (1919), i akiaki a Tiamana kia whakaae ki te kawenga mō te pakanga, kia utua he utu nui, kia whakawhāitihia hoki tana ope taua. He tokomaha ngā kaituhi hītori e whakapono ana nā ēnei kupu kino i puta ai te riri me te kore pumau o te ao tōrangapū i Tiamana, ā, i muri mai ka puta te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.
Hei tāpiritanga, nā te pakanga i ara ake ai te whanaketanga o ngā whakahaere o te ao pērā i te Rōpū o ngā Iwi, i whai kia mau tonu te rangimārie o te ao. Ahakoa i kore i taea te ārai i ngā pakanga anō, ko te whakaaro o te mahi tahi o te ao te pūtake mō te hanganga o te Kotahitanga o ngā Iwi (UN) i muri i te tau 1945.
Te Katinga
Ko te hītori o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao he kōrero mō te āhua o te hurihanga o tētahi huihuinga ā-rohe e ngā taupatupatu tōrangapū, ngā pakanga mana, me ngā hononga ki tētahi āhuatanga ā-ao hei aituā ā-ao. Nā tēnei pakanga i tohu te mutunga o te wā emepaea tawhito, ā, i whakatakoto te ara mō tētahi ao hou e hurihuri haere ana. Ko te mārama ki te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao ehara i te mea ko te ako noa i ngā pakanga me ngā kiripuaki, engari ko te mōhio hoki ko te rangimārie me whai hononga ā-iwi, te tika, me te hiahia o ngā iwi ki te pehi i te hiahia nui. Ko te pakanga o 1914–1918 he akoranga kawa, arā, ina puta te pakanga, ka taea e tōna pānga te toro atu ki tua atu i ngā whakatupuranga e pāngia ana e ia.
