He Hītori Katoa o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao
Pendahuluan
Ko te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, i roa mai i te tau 1914 ki te tau 1918, tētahi o ngā pakanga tino kino rawa atu i roto i te hītori o te tangata. I hopukina te aro o te ao, ā, i uru atu hoki ngā iwi maha, ā, i puta he pānga nui ki te ao tōrangapū, pāpori, me te ōhanga. Kāore i te mea i whakarerekē noa tēnei pakanga i te huarahi e whawhai ai tātou, engari he pānga nui anō hoki i hanga i te rautau 20. Ka ruku hohonu atu tēnei tuhinga ki roto i te hītori katoa o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, mai i ōna take me te huarahi o te pakanga ki tōna pānga ki te ao.
Te Papamuri me ngā Take o te Pakanga
Te Kotahitanga me te Whakawhanaungatanga ā-Motu
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, he wāhi wera a Ūropi mō ngā mana nui e whakataetae ana mō te mana. Nā te Kotahitanga Toru—Peretania, Wīwī, me Rūhia—i whakatū ngā Mana Nui e Toru. I taua wā, nā Tiamana, Austria-Hungary, me Itari i whakatū te Kotahitanga Toru. I piki haere tonu ngā taupatupatu i waenganui i ēnei poraka e rua, nā te kaha o ngā kare ā-iwi i waenganui i ngā iwi Pākehā.
Te raruraru o Balkan
I kī tonu te rohe o Balkan i ngā pakanga iwi me te kaha o te iwi ā-iwi. Nā te ngoikore o te Emepaea Ottoman i whai wāhi ai ngā whenua Balkan ki te tono mana motuhake me te whakawhānui i ō rātou rohe. Nā te raruraru Balkan i ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1910 i kino ake ai ngā whanaungatanga i waenganui i ngā mana nui o Ūropi, inā koa ko Austria-Hungary, i kite i a Serbia hei tūmomo mōrearea.
Te kōhurutanga o te Ātiuka Franz Ferdinand
Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa matua i tīmata ai te pakanga ko te kōhurutanga o Ātiduke Franz Ferdinand o Austria-Hungary i te 28 o Hune, 1914, i Sarajevo e Gavrilo Princip, he tangata whenua o Serbia. I kite a Austria-Hungary i tēnei hei whai wāhitanga ki te pēhi i a Serbia, ā, i tukuna e rātou he kupu whakamutunga kino. I te wā i whakakahoretia ai e Serbia ētahi o ngā kōrero o te kupu whakamutunga, ka whakapuakina e Austria-Hungary he pakanga ki a Serbia.
Te Ara o te Pakanga
1914: Te Tīmatanga o te Pakanga
I te wā i whakapuakina ai e Austria-Hungary te pakanga ki Serbia i te 28 o Hūrae, 1914, ka tīmata te whakatū hononga hōia. I whakaoho a Rūhia, te hoa o Serbia, i ana ope. I tautoko a Tiamana, te hoa o Austria-Hungary, i te hononga mā te whakapuaki pakanga ki Rūhia i te 1 o Ākuhata, 1914, ā, i muri mai ki Parani i te 3 o Ākuhata, 1914. I uru atu a Peretānia i muri i te takahi a Tiamana i te kaupapa here kore whai mana o Belgium i te 4 o Ākuhata, 1914.
Te Pakanga i te Hauāuru: Te Pakanga o te Awaawa
I tere te hurihanga o te pakanga i te taha Hauāuru hei pakanga awaawa, me te keri a ngā taha e rua i ngā awaawa roa mai i te Moana Raki ki te rohe o Huiterangi. Whai muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o Marne i te marama o Hepetema 1914, ka tau te tūnga o ngā rārangi mua, kāore i nui te rerekētanga o te tūnga. He whakamataku te noho i roto i ngā awaawa, me ngā āhuatanga kino, ngā kiore, ngā mate, me te korenga o ngā taonga.
Te Pakanga i te Rawhiti
I te taha rawhiti, he kaha ake te āhua o ngā mahi. I angitu a Rūhia i ngā wā tuatahi ki a Austria-Hungary, engari i hinga kino i a Tiamana i te Pakanga o Tannenberg me te Pakanga o ngā roto o Masurian. Nā tēnei i whakaatu te hiranga o te ope taua o Tiamana i te rohe.
1915: Ka Whānui te Pakanga
I te tau 1915, i rahua ngā ngana ki te wawahi i te pakanga i te taha Hauāuru, ahakoa te whakamahinga o te hau paitini i te Pakanga Tuarua o Ypres. I neke haere anō hoki te taha rawhiti, me te tīmatanga o Tiamana me Austria-Hungary ki te whakahaere i a Rūhia. I taua wā tonu, kua tata nei a Itari ki te whakauru atu ki ngā Hoa Whenua i muri i tana wehenga atu i te Triple Alliance, ā, ka roa ake te pakanga.
Te Pakanga o Karipori
I ngana ngā Hoa Whenua ki te whakaeke i te Emepaea Ottoman mā te taunga ki Karipori i te marama o Āperira 1915. Heoi, he pakanga nui te korenga i angitu, he nui rawa ngā mate, ā, i te marama o Hānuere 1916 ka hoki whakamuri, kāore i hua.
1916: Pakanga Toto
Verdun me te Somme
I te tau 1916, i kitea ngā pakanga toto nui e rua o te pakanga: te Pakanga o Verdun me te Pakanga o Somme. I tīmata te Pakanga o Verdun i te Hui-tanguru 1916, ā, i roa te nuinga o te tau, me te wikitoria o ngā Wīwī i ō rātou pā kaha engari he nui te utu mō ngā taha e rua. I tīmata te Pakanga o Somme i te Hūrae 1916, me te ngana ki te wawahi i te pakanga i te Hauāuru engari i mutu me te neke atu i te miriona ngā mate, ā, kāore i puta he hua nui.
1917: Huringa Hihiri
Te Huringa Rūhia
I te tau 1917, i te Huringa o Pēpuere i turaki a Tsar Nicholas II o Rūhia, ā, i mutu te Emepaea Romanov. I ngana te kāwanatanga taupua hou ki te haere tonu i te pakanga engari i pāngia e te koretake o roto. Nō muri mai ka ara ake te Bolshevik i te Huringa o Oketopa, i arahina e Vladimir Lenin, nāna i haina te Tiriti o Brest-Litovsk i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi 1918, i mutu ai te whai wāhi a Rūhia ki te pakanga.
Te Hononga o Amerika e Whai Wāhi Ana
Nā ngā whakaekenga kore whakaaro a Tiamana ki runga i ngā kaipuke ruku me te Zimmerman telex, i whakaaro ai rātou kia honoa a Tiamana me Mehiko ki te Hononga o Amerika, i akiaki te US ki te whakapuaki pakanga ki Tiamana i te 6 o Paenga-whāwhā, 1917. Nā te taenga mai o ngā hōia me ngā rauemi o Amerika i whakarato he tautoko rautaki nui ki ngā Hoa Whenua.
1918: Ki te Mutunga
I te taha Hauāuru, i whakarewahia e Tiamana te Operation Kaiserschlacht i te tīmatanga o te tau 1918 hei ngana ki te wikitoria i mua i te taenga mai o ngā ope nui o Amerika. Ahakoa ētahi angitu tuatahi, i mutu te whakaekenga o te puna. I tīmata te whakaekenga a ngā Hoa Whenua, e mōhiotia ana ko te Hundred Days Offensive, ki te whakaiti i te kaha o Tiamana.
Pānga me ngā Huanga
I te Whiringa-ā-rangi 1918, kua tata te hinganga o Tiamana i tōna kāinga me te papa pakanga. I whakarērea e Emepara Wilhelm II tōna tūnga, ā, i whakatūria te Weimar Republic. I hainatia te Armistice i te 11 o Whiringa-ā-rangi, 1918, hei whakamutu i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao.
Te Tiriti o Versailles
I mutu mana te pakanga i te Tiriti o Versailles i te 28 o Hune, 1919. I akiakihia a Tiamana kia whakaae ki te kawenga katoa mō te pakanga, me te utu i ngā utu nui. Nā tēnei tiriti i hanga hou te mapi o Ūropi, ā, i puta mai he maha ngā take kāore anō kia whakatauhia, ā, i te mutunga ka uru atu ki te pakarutanga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.
Ngā Pānga Hapori me te Ōhanga
I mate te miriona tāngata i tēnei pakanga, ā, i kino hoki te tinana me te hinengaro. I te taha ōhanga, i nui ngā mate me ngā panonitanga nui i roto i te hanganga ōhanga o te ao i puta mai i te pakanga. I rongonui anō hoki te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau hōia hou, ā, i tino rerekē te huarahi i whakahaerehia ai te pakanga.
Whakamutunga
He pakanga uaua, he maha ngā paparanga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. Mai i ngā take i ahu mai i ngā whakataetae ā-ao tōrangapū ki tōna pānga whakangaro, whakarerekētanga hītori, he nui ngā mea ka taea e tātou te ako mō te āhua o te pakanga nui. Ahakoa kua roa te mutunga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, kei te kitea tonu tōna pānga i ēnei rā, ā, he akoranga nui mō ngā reanga kei te heke mai.
