Te Hītori me te Whanaketanga o te Jazz hei Momo Puoro
Ko te Jazz tētahi o ngā momo puoro tino whai mana i roto i te hītori o ēnei rā. Ehara i te momo puoro noa iho, engari he reo ahurea i whānau mai i te hononga o ngā tikanga tuku iho o Āwherika, o Ūropi, me Amerika i te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. Nā te auahatanga, ngā manawataki hurihuri, me te herekoretanga ki te whakapuaki i te whakaaro, kua whanake te jazz hei maru whānui e kapi ana i ngā momo momo puoro maha. E tirohia ana e tēnei tuhinga te hītori me te whanaketanga o te jazz, mai i ōna pūtake ki tōna huringa hei puoro o te ao.
Ngā Pūtake Hītori: Te Huihuinga o ngā Tikanga o Āwherika me Ūropi
He hononga tata te hītori o te jazz ki te hītori o ngā Āwherika i kawea mai ki Amerika mā te hokohoko pononga. Ko ngā tikanga puoro o Āwherika—pērā i ngā tauira manawataki uaua, te karanga-me-te-whakautu, me te whakamahinga o te puoro hei wāhanga o te oranga pāpori me te wairua—i tūtaki ki ngā huānga puoro o Ūropi, tae atu ki te oro pai, ngā taonga puoro ōkestra, me ngā momo tito waiata.
I Amerika, nā tēnei tūtakitanga i whānau mai ngā momo waiata jazz, pērā i ngā waiata wairua, ngā waiata mahi, me te blues rawa atu. Ko ngā blues te pūtake o ngā kare ā-roto o te jazz: he whakaaturanga o te pouri, te manawanui, tae atu ki te whakakatakata me te whakatoi i te aroaro o te ao. Ko te hanganga blues 12-pae, "ngā nota blue" (ngā nota kua whakaitihia), me te momo reo whakapuaki i noho hei huānga i uru atu ki roto i ngā momo jazz maha i muri mai.
Haunga te puoro purū, he wāhi nui anō hoki tō te ragtime i te tīmatanga o te jazz. Ko te ragtime—me ōna manawataki kaha, honohono, ā, he maha ngā wā ka pureihia i runga i te piano—koia te taha "tuhi" me te taha tito waiata, ā, i tere te mōhiotia o te jazz hei puoro i tupu i runga i te mahi auaha.
New Orleans: Te Whānautanga o te Jazz Hou
He tokomaha ngā kaituhi hītori puoro e whakaae ana ko New Orleans, Louisiana, te "taiwhanga" i whānau mai ai te jazz hou. I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, he wāhi whakaranu ahurea tēnei tāone tauranga: ngā hapori Wīwī, Pāniora, Āwherika, Karipiana, me Creole. I New Orleans, i kitea te puoro i ngā parade, ngā tangihanga, ngā pāti tiriti, me ngā karapu. I whakatangihia e ngā pēne parahi ngā hīkoi me ngā waiata rongonui o Ūropi, engari he maha ngā manawataki kua honoa, me te wairua auaha kaha.
Ko tētahi o ngā tohu o te jazz o New Orleans i ngā tau tōmua ko te mahi auaha ngātahi: mā te tetere, mā te koronete rānei te rangi matua e pupuri, mā te karāneti e whakapaipai ki ngā kīanga tere, ā, mā te trombone e whakarato ngā nota iti me ngā kiriata, ko te banjo, te tuba, me ngā pahu e pupuri te manawataki. Ko tētahi o ngā tino tangata o tēnei wā ko Louis Armstrong, nāna i whakarerekē te jazz mai i te mahi auaha ngātahi ki te mahi auaha takitahi, me te whakanoho i te takitahi ki waenganui o te whakapuakitanga.
Ngā tau 1920: Te Wā Jazz, Ngā Rekoata, me te Tohatoha
E kiia ana ngā tau 1920 ko te Wā Jazz. Nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau hopu oro me te reo irirangi i tere horapa ai te jazz ki tua atu o New Orleans. He maha ngā kaiwaiata i neke ki Chicago me New York, ki te rapu mahi i roto i ngā karapu me te umanga whakangahau. I noho a Chicago hei pokapū nui mō te jazz o mua, i te wā i whanake ai a New York hei pokapū auaha e awhi ana i ngā momo momo puoro.
I tēnei wā, i honoa anō te jazz ki te huringa pāpori: Nā te aukati i te US i puta ai ngā speakeasies (ngā pae inu ture kore) i noho hei wāhi whakatipu mō te puoro jazz. I noho te jazz hei tohu mō te ao hou, te herekoretanga, me te oranga pō. Heoi, i kitea anō hoki tēnei wā e ngā taupatupatu iwi: he maha ngā auahatanga i puta mai i ngā kaiwaiata Mangu, engari he maha ngā wā i hoatu e te umanga whakangahau he papaaho me ngā hua nui ake ki ngā kaiwaiata mā. Ahakoa rā, i noho tonu te jazz hei hononga ahurea uaua me te hihiri.
Ngā tau 1930: Te Swing me te Angitu o ngā Rōpū Waiata Nui
I te taenga mai o te tekau tau atu i 1930, nā te raruraru ōhanga me te hiahia mō ngā whakangahau nui i whakatupu te whānautanga o te waiata swing. I rongonui te waiata Jazz, i takarohia e ngā roopu puoro nui me ngā whakaritenga hanganga ake. Ko ngā tohu o Swing ko ōna manawataki swing, ngā wāhanga taonga puoro kua whakaritea (hei tauira, te saxophone, te trombone, te tetere), me te wāhi mō ngā takitahi hanga-ake i roto i te whakaritenga.
Ko ētahi o ngā tino tangata o te ao puoro swing ko Duke Ellington, nāna i kawe te jazz ki te taumata tiketike o te tito me te whakarite oro; ko Count Basie, me āna oro kaha me te nui o te wāhi mō te hanga auaha; me Benny Goodman, nāna i whakatairanga te swing ki te tini o te hunga whakarongo. Ko Swing te wā i noho ai te jazz hei puoro rongonui, i whakatangihia i roto i ngā whare kanikani, ā, i whakapaohotia puta noa i te motu.
Ngā tau 1940: Ko Bebop me te Huringa Toi
I te tīmatanga o te whakaaro he tino arumoni rawa te waiata swing, ā, he mea here ki ngā hiahia kanikani, ka puta te bebop i ngā tau 1940. He urupare auaha a Bebop: he tere, he oro matatini, he rangi hurihuri, me te mahi auaha tino pūkenga. I neke te jazz mai i te puoro mō te kanikani ki te puoro mō te whakarongo nui.
Ko ētahi o ngā ingoa rongonui o Bebop ko Charlie Parker (alto saxophone), ko Dizzy Gillespie (tētere), ko Thelonious Monk (piano), me Bud Powell (piano). Nā Bebop anō hoki i whakaū te tuakiri o te jazz hei puoro toi, ā, i whakatakoto hoki i te ara mō ngā tūhuratanga matatau ake o te rangimārie me te manawataki.
Ngā tau 1950–1960: Cool Jazz, Hard Bop, Modal, me te Free Jazz
I muri i te bebop, i whanake te jazz i ngā huarahi maha. I puta mai te jazz makariri me tōna āhua marino, ngā kīanga roa, me te ahua "mātao" me te ngawari, he mea hono pinepine ki ngā kaiwaiata pērā i a Miles Davis i tētahi wā, me Dave Brubeck. I tētahi atu taha, i puta mai te hard bop hei haere tonu "ki te whenua" o te bebop, e whakaora ana i ngā huānga o te blues me te gospel. Ko Art Blakey rāua ko Horace Silver ngā tino tangata o tēnei momo puoro.
I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1950, i tino angitu te momo jazz, inā koa ko te pukaemi a Miles Davis, ko Kind of Blue (1959). Engari ko te tere o te haere o ngā aho o te bebop, i whakamahia e te momo jazz ngā momo (tauine) hei anga, kia nui ake ai te tūhuratanga o te rangi me te āhuarangi.
I taua wā anō, i whakatenatenahia e te jazz kore utu i ngā tau 1960 te tino herekore: i whakakorengia ngā hanganga me ngā momo oro tuku iho, ā, i nui ake te herekore me te whakapuaki i te auahatanga. Ko Ornette Coleman rāua ko John Coltrane (i ō rāua wāhanga) ngā tino tangata. E māramahia ana te jazz kore utu ehara i te mea he whakamātautau waiata anake, engari he whakaaturanga pāpori-tōrangapū hoki o te wā o ngā tika tangata o Amerika.
Ngā tau 1970: Te Hononga Jazz me te Marenatanga ki te Rock
I ngā tau 1970, i rerekē anō te jazz mā te whakakotahitanga, arā, te whakakotahitanga o te jazz me te toka, te funk, me te hangarau hiko. I rongonui haere ngā taonga puoro pēnei i ngā kitā hiko, ngā synthesizer, me ngā pāhi hiko. Nā ngā manawataki kaha o Funk me te hanga whare puoro hou i homai he kakara hou. I whai wāhi nui anō a Miles Davis ki ngā mahi i tohu i te nekehanga ki te oro hiko, ā, i muri mai ka awe i te maha o ngā rōpū whakakotahitanga.
I whānui ake te hunga whakarongo ki te jazz nā te Fusion, engari i ara ake anō hoki he tautohetohe mō tōna "tūturutanga." Heoi, pērā i ngā wāhanga o mua, i whakaatu tēnei tautohetohe kei te whanake tonu te jazz, ā, e kore e herea ki tētahi whakamāramatanga whaiti.
Ngā tau 1980 ki nāianei: Te Tikanga Tuku Iho, Te Whakamātautau, me te Jazz o te Ao
Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1980, ka ara ake te hiahia ki ngā momo waiata tuku iho (e kiia ana ko te neotraditional, ko te neo-bop rānei), me ngā tūhuratanga hou e whakauru ana i te hip-hop, te puoro hiko, me ngā tikanga puoro o te ao. Kāore i te noho ko Amerika anake te reo Jazz; engari kua noho hei reo ā-ao. I tū ngā hakari Jazz i roto i ngā whenua maha, ā, i whakawhanakehia e ngā kaiwaiata mai i Ūropi, Āhia, Āwherika, tae noa ki Amerika Latina te jazz me ngā tuakiri ā-rohe.
I Initonīhia, kua whanake te jazz hei wāhanga o te ao puoro me ngā hakari o te tāone. He maha ngā kaiwaiata e whakakotahi ana i te jazz me te pop, te funk, ngā āhuatanga tuku iho rānei. E hangai ana tēnei ki te mauri o te jazz: he kōrero tonu i waenga i ngā pūtake o mua me te auahatanga o nāianei.
Whakamutunga
He hītori o te huringa, o ngā tūtakitanga ahurea, me te herekoretanga o te whakapuaki whakaaro te hītori o te jazz. Mai i New Orleans ki te ao whānui, kua whanake tonu te jazz: mai i te blues me te ragtime, ki te swing hihiko, ki te bebop hurihuri, ki te fusion me ngā momo hou, whakawhiti-momo. Ahakoa tōna huringa tonu, kotahi te mea kei te ngākau tonu o te jazz: ko te improvisation hei momo kōrero puoro—he mea tūpono, he mea mōrearea, he mea tangata hohonu. Ehara te jazz i te momo noa iho; he huarahi ki te whakarongo ki te ao: he tuwhera, he hihiri, ā, kei te rite tonu ki te kite i ngā mea hou.
