Te Huringa Kakariki me ōna Pānga ki te Ahuwhenua
Pendahuluan
Ko te Huringa Kakariki e pā ana ki tētahi wā o te pikinga ake o te hua ahuwhenua i tīmata i waenganui o te rautau 20, i akiakihia e te whakaurunga o ngā hangarau ahuwhenua hou. I tīmata tēnei āhuatanga i te tekau tau atu i 1940, ā, i tere haere te horapa i ngā tekau tau i muri mai, ā, i pā ki ngā whenua maha o te ao, inā koa ko ngā whenua whakawhanake pērā i a Īnia, Mehiko, me ngā Philippines.
Te Papamuri me te Hītori o te Huringa Kakariki
I te tau 1968, i whakaurua tuatahitia te kupu Green Revolution e William Gaud, he kaiwhakahaere o te USAID. Heoi, i tīmata te kaupapa i ētahi tau ki mua i te wā i whakaurua ai e Norman Borlaug, e kiia nei ko te "Matua o te Green Revolution," ngā momo witi ātete mate, hua nui ki Mexico.
I ngā tau 1940, i ngana a Borlaug ki te whakauru me te whakawhanake i ēnei momo witi me te tumanako ka whakapai ake i te haumarutanga kai i Mexico. Whai muri i ana hua whakamiharo, ka tere te horapa o te hangarau me te mōhiotanga o Borlaug ki ētahi atu whenua e pāngia ana e ngā wero haumarutanga kai rite. I roto i te wā poto noa, i uru atu ki te Huringa Kakariki te whakanui ake i te whakamahinga o ngā maniua matū me ngā patu pepeke, te whakamakuku pai ake, me te whakaurunga o ngā momo hua nui (HYV) o te raihi, te kānga, me te witi.
Te Huringa Hangarau i roto i te Ahuwhenua
Ko tētahi wāhanga matua o te Huringa Kakariki ko ngā hangarau ahuwhenua hou me te whakanui ake i te whakamahinga mīhini. I roto i ēnei hangarau hou ko te whakawhanake i ngā momo hua nui (HYV), he pai ake te urutau ki ngā huringa taiao, ā, he ātete ki ngā pepeke me ngā mate. Nā te whakakotahitanga o ēnei momo pai ake me ngā tikanga ahuwhenua hou ake, i hua ake ai he pikinga nui o ngā hua o te hua.
Haunga ngā momo hua hou, kei te tīmata hoki ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakamahi i ngā maniua matū hei whakarato i ngā matūkai nui ki ā rātou hua. Hei tauira, ko te hauota, te whākawa, me te pāhare pākawa ngā huānga nui e kore e kitea i roto i ngā oneone tūturu. Mā te whakamahi i ngā maniua matū, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whakarite kia whiwhi ngā hua i ngā matūkai e hiahiatia ana e rātou mō te tipu pai rawa atu.
Kua tino rerekē hoki ngā tikanga whakamakuku. Mā ngā pūnaha whakamakuku whai hua ake ka whakaitihia te whakawhirinaki ki te ua, ā, ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o te korenga o te hua nā te tauraki. E whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki ngā patu pepeke me ngā patu taru hei tiaki i ngā hua mai i ngā pepeke me ngā taru kino, ahakoa he tautohenga te whakamahinga o ēnei matū nā ō rātou pānga ki te taiao me te hauora o te tangata.
Pānga ki te Whakaputa Kai
He mea nui te Huringa Kakariki ki te whakapiki ake i te hanga kai o te ao. I roto i ngā whenua pēnei i a Īnia me Mehiko, i piki ake ngā hua o te whenua i roto i tētahi wā poto noa iho. Hei tauira, i Īnia, i piki ake te hanga raihi me te witi i waenga i ngā tau 1960 me 1980, ā, i hurihia te whenua mai i te whenua kawemai kai ki te whenua kaweake kai.
Mā te pikinga ake o te whakaputanga kai ka āwhina i te pumau o ngā utu kai i ngā mākete o te ao, ka whakaiti i te ngoikore ki ngā piki me ngā heke o ngā utu ka tūpono ki te mōrearea o te haumarutanga kai o te ao. Ko ngā whenua whakawhanake i mua he tino ngoikore ki te hiakai me te kore kai pai, kei te tīmata ki te kite i ngā whakapainga o te wātea o te kai.
Pānga Hapori-Ōhanga
He maha ngā painga pāpori-ōhanga i puta mai i te pikinga ake o te whakaputanga kai i puta mai i te Huringa Kakariki. Nā te whakapai ake i te haumarutanga kai i heke ai te hiakai me te kore kai pai i roto i te maha o ngā whenua whakawhanake. Nā te nui o te whakaputanga kai, i whakaitihia te rawakore e ētahi rohe nā te pikinga ake o ngā moni whiwhi ahuwhenua.
Mā te pikinga ake o ngā hua o te whenua ka hangaia he mahi hou i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua, mā roto i ngā ahumahi e pā ana ki tēnei mahi, pērā i te hanga tongi, ngā taputapu ahuwhenua, me te tukatuka ahuwhenua. Nā reira, he maha ngā whānau o te taiwhenua kua pai ake te oranga. Heoi anō, he pānga kino anō hoki hei tirotiro.
Ngā Pānga Kino ki te Taiao me te Hapori
Ahakoa he nui ngā pānga pai o te Huringa Kakariki, he nui anō hoki ngā pānga kino. Nā te whakamahinga nui o ngā maniua matū, ngā patu pepeke, me ngā patu taru i hua mai ai ngā raruraru taiao. Kua poke te oneone me ngā puna wai i te whakamahinga nui o ēnei matū. Ka taea e te nui o ngā matū te whakakino i te hanganga me te hauora o te oneone, ka whakaiti i tōna momonatanga i te wā roa.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, kua ara ake ngā raruraru pēnei i te nui rawa o te whakamakuku i te wai whenua, e whakararu ana i te pumau o ngā rauemi wai. I ētahi wāhi, kua ara ake te whakamahinga o tēnei hangarau ki te whakangaromanga o ngā ngahere me te whakangaromanga o ngā pūnaha rauropi taiao.
I te taha pāpori, i hangaia hoki e te Huringa Kakariki ngā rerekētanga ōhanga hou. Kāore i te ōrite te urunga atu o ngā kaimahi pāmu katoa ki ngā hangarau hou me ngā whakaurunga ahuwhenua hou. Nā reira, i piki ake ngā hua me ngā whiwhinga moni a ngā kaimahi pāmu nui i kaha ki te whakamahi i ēnei hangarau, engari ko ngā kaimahi pāmu iti kāore i te whai wāhi atu ki ēnei hangarau i mahue iho, ā, i akiakihia rātou ki te hoko i ō rātou whenua ki ngā kaimahi pāmu nui, ki ngā kamupene rānei.
Ngā Otinga me ngā Huarahi Tauwhiro
Hei whakatika i ngā pānga kino o te Huringa Kakariki, me whai huarahi pumau ake ki ngā mahi ahuwhenua. Kei te piki haere te aro ki te ahuwhenua rauropi me te ahuwhenua ā-taiao hei huarahi pai ake mō te taiao. Ka karohia e te ahuwhenua rauropi te whakamahinga o ngā matū hangai, engari ka whakaarohia e te ahuwhenua ā-taiao ngā āhuatanga taiao, pāpori, me te ōhanga o ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua.
Ka taea hoki te whakarerekē i ngā hangarau hou kia pai ake ai te taiao. Hei tauira, he pai ake te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakamakuku maturuturu i te wai i ngā whakamakuku tuku iho. Kei te whakawhanakehia, kei te whakatinanahia hoki ngā patu pepeke koiora me ngā maniua waro hei whakaiti i ngā pānga kino ki te taiao.
He mea nui te tautoko a ngā kāwanatanga me ngā whakahaere o te ao ki te whakatairanga i ngā mahi ahuwhenua tauwhiro. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakarato huarahi ki ngā hangarau matomato mō ngā kaimahi pāmu iti, te whakarato i ngā whakatenatena mō ngā mahi ahuwhenua tauwhiro, me te whakarato mātauranga me te whakangungu mō ngā kaimahi pāmu mō ngā tikanga ahuwhenua e pai ake ana ki te taiao.
Whakamutunga
Kua puta he panonitanga nui i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua o te ao nā te Huringa Kakariki, me te pikinga nui o te whakaputanga kai me te whakapainga o te haumarutanga kai i roto i te maha o ngā whenua. Heoi, he tino tūturu hoki ngā pānga taiao me te pāpori o te whakamahi i ēnei hangarau, ā, me aro atu. Me whai huarahi pumau ake, whānui ake hoki te heke mai o te ahuwhenua kia kore ai e whiwhi noa te hunga torutoru i ngā painga o te Huringa Kakariki, engari kia whai wāhi atu hoki ki te pumau o te taiao me te tautoko i ngā hapori ahuwhenua iti.
