Te Whakapuakitanga o te Mana Motuhake o Initonīhia me ngā Tangata i Whai Wāhi Mai
Pendahuluan
He wā hītori te Panuitanga o te Mana Motuhake o Initonīhia i tohu i te whānautanga o te Whenua Kotahi o te Repupiripia o Initonīhia. I te 17 o Ākuhata, 1945, i panuitia e Sukarno rāua ko Mohammad Hatta te mana motuhake o Initonīhia i te mana koroni o Hapanihi. Heoi, ehara i te mea ko ēnei tino tangata anake i uru ki tēnei kaupapa. He maha atu anō ngā tāngata, ā-tika, ā-kore, i whai wāhi nui ki tēnei mahi. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te haerenga i mua i te panuitanga, te wā o te panuitanga tonu, me ngā tino tangata i uru atu.
Horopaki Hītori
Te noho a Hapanihi
I muri i te wā roa o te mana koroni o ngā Tatimana, ka hinga a Initonīhia ki a Hapani i te tau 1942. Ahakoa i te tīmatanga i mihia e ētahi hei whakaoranga mai i te mana whakahaere a ngā Tatimana, he rite tonu te āhua o te noho a ngā Hapani. I whakamahia nuitia e Hapani ngā rauemi taiao me ngā rauemi tangata o Initonīhia.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Ao
I te tīmatanga o te tau 1945, i pāngia ngā whanaketanga o Indonesia e te āhua o te ao. I taua wā, i hinga a Hapani i muri i ngā hinganga i roto i te pakanga o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. I whakamahia tēnei āhua e ngā kaiārahi o te kaupapa mana motuhake hei whakarite mō te mana motuhake.
Te Hinganga o Hapani
I te 6 me te 9 o Ākuhata, 1945, ka tukuna e ngā Hoa Whenua ngā poma atomika ki Hiroshima me Nagasaki. Nā tēnei whakaekenga i akiaki a Hapani kia tuku i a rātou anō i te 15 o Ākuhata, 1945, ā, i hangaia he whai wāhitanga mō ngā toa motuhake o Initonīhia.
Ki te Whakapuakitanga
Rōpū Pakeke me te Rōpū Taiohi
I roto i te tukanga i mua i te panuitanga, i kitea te tautohetohe i waenganui i ngā rōpū matua e rua: te hunga kaumātua me te hunga rangatahi. Ko te hunga kaumātua, arā, ngā rangatira matua pērā i a Sukarno rāua ko Hatta, i tatari kia whakatauria e Hapani. I tētahi atu taha, ko te hunga rangatahi, pērā i a Soetan Sjahrir, Wikana, me Chaerul Saleh, i akiaki kia panuitia tonutia te mana motuhake me te kore e tatari kia whakaaetia e Hapani.
Te Hanga o te Kupu Whakapuakitanga
I te 16 o Ākuhata, 1945, ka puta te Aituā o Rengasdengklok, ka "kahakina" a Sukarno rāua ko Hatta e ngā rōpū rangatahi, ā, ka haria ki Rengasdengklok hei tere ake i te tukanga whakapuakitanga. I reira, ka puta he kōrero nui, ā, i te mutunga ka tae ki tētahi whakaaetanga kia whakapuakina tonutia te mana motuhake.
I muri i te hokinga atu ki Jakarta, ka tuhia e Sukarno, Hatta, rāua ko Ahmad Subardjo te tuhinga panuitanga i te kāinga o Admiral Maeda, he āpiha kaipuke Hapanihi e tautoko ana i te kaupapa o Initonīhia. Nō muri mai ka whakamahia tēnei tuhinga panuitanga poto, ngāwari hoki hei whakapuakitanga o te mana motuhake.
Te Wā o te Whakapuakitanga
I te ata o te 17 o Ākuhata, 1945, i te whare o Sukarno i Jalan Pegangsaan Timur Nama 56, Jakarta, i tū te hui whakapuakitanga i roto i te āhua māmā noa iho, engari i roto i te āhua tapu. Kāore he hui nui, kāore hoki he tira o te ao. Ko ngā toa pono me ngā tāngata whenua anake i kite i tēnei wā whakahirahira.
Te Pānui i te Kupu Whakapuakitanga
I te 10.00 i te ata tonu, ka pānuitia āta haere e Soekarno te kupu o te panuitanga:
"Pānuitanga
Ko mātou te iwi o Initonīhia e whakapuaki nei i te mana motuhake o Initonīhia.
Ko ngā take e pā ana ki te whakawhiti mana me ērā atu take me whakahaere i runga i te āta whakaaro, i roto hoki i te wā poto rawa.
Djakarta, hari 17 boelan 8 tahoen 05
I runga i te ingoa o te iwi Initonīhia
"Soekarno-Hatta"
Te Whakaara i te Haki Whero me te Haki Mā
I muri i te pānuitanga o te panuitanga, ka whakaarahia e Latief Hendraningrat rāua ko Suhud te haki Whero me te Mā. Ko te aho i herea ai te haki i kohaina e ngā wāhine i reira.
Waiata ā-motu
Kāore he whakaharatau, he whakarite rānei, ka waiatatia e te hunga mātakitaki te waiata ā-motu o Initonīhia, ā, ka miharo te katoa. I taua wā tonu, i tino kitea te wairua o te kotahitanga me te whakahīhī hei iwi motuhake.
Ngā Tau i Whai Wāhi
Sukarno
Ko Sukarno, e kiia ana ko te "Matua o te Whakapuakitanga," he tangata matua i roto i te pakanga a Indonesia mo te mana motuhake. I angitu tēnei rangatira karismatiki ki te whakakotahi i ngā momo wāhanga o te motu ki muri i te whāinga kotahi: te mana motuhake. Ko tana momo whaikōrero whakaohooho me tana tirohanga mo te mana motuhake o Indonesia ngā mea matua i akiaki i te kaupapa ā-motu.
Mohammad Hatta
I a ia e noho ana hei hoa mahi mō te kaikauwhau, he mahi nui tā Mohammad Hatta i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā mahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā rautaki. Nā tōna mātauranga ōhanga me te tōrangapū, i homai e Hatta he mātauranga hinengaro ki te pakanga mō te mana motuhake. Nā tana mahi tahi me Sukarno i taurite ai te wairua hurihuri me te kaupapa here tika.
Ahmad Subardjo
Ko Ahmad Subardjo tētahi o ngā matua whakatū o Initonīhia, ā, he kaha hoki ki te ao tūmatanui. Nā te hiahia o ngā rangatahi ki te whakateretere i te panuitanga, i whiriwhiria ia hei kaiwhakarite mō rātou me te whakatupuranga kaumātua. Kāore e taea te wareware i te tūranga o Subardjo i roto i te tito i te tuhinga panuitanga.
Āmirati Maeda
He āpiha rangatira nō te ope taua moana o Hapani a Atimarara Tadashi Maeda, nāna i āwhina i te tukanga mana motuhake o Initonīhia mā te whakarato i tētahi tūāpapa mō te tuhi i te tuhinga panuitanga. Ahakoa he manene ia, ko tana hiahia ki te āwhina i whakaatu i te tautoko a ētahi wāhanga o waho mō te mana motuhake o Initonīhia.
Sutan Sjahrir
He taiohi hihiri, he taiohi hinengaro hoki a Sjahrir. He maha āna mahi hei piriti i waenganui i ngā reanga kaumātua me ngā reanga rangatahi, ā, he mahi nui tāna i roto i te tautoko i te mana motuhake.
Rangatahi
Ko ngā ingoa pēnei i a Wikana, Chaerul Saleh, me Sukarni e tohu ana i tētahi rōpū rangatahi pakari, toa hoki. I akiaki rātou kia whakatinanahia tonutia te panuitanga, me te kore e tatari kia whakaaetia e Hapanihi, me te whakamātau i ngā tūponotanga nui hei painga mō te mana motuhake.
Ngā Toa me te Iwi
Haunga ngā tāngata kua whakahuatia i runga ake nei, he mano tini ngā toa me ngā tāngata noa i whai wāhi nui. Ahakoa e huna ana rātou e te hītori, he nui te pānga o ā rātou takoha ki ngā nekehanga huna, ki te hora i ngā mōhiotanga, me te ātete ā-tinana.
Te Pānga me te Taonga Tuku Iho o te Panuitanga
Ko te panuitanga o te mana motuhake o Initonīhia te tīmatanga o tētahi pakanga roa ki te tiaki me te whakapakari i te mana motuhake o te motu. Whai muri i te panuitanga, i tūtaki ngā kaiārahi mana motuhake ki tētahi hurihanga ā-tinana ki ngā Tatimana, e ngana ana ki te noho anō ki Initonīhia. I te mutunga ka whakamanahia tēnei pakanga kaha e ngā Tatimana te mana motuhake i te 27 o Tīhema, 1949.
Kei te kitea tonu te taonga tuku iho o tēnei panuitanga i ēnei rā. I ia tau, ka whakanuia e ngā tāngata o Initonīhia te Rā Motuhake me ngā mahi maha e aro ana ki te maumahara ki ngā pakanga a ngā toa me te whakatō i te wairua o te motu.
Whakamutunga
Ehara i te mea nā te tangata kotahi, nā te rōpū rānei te Panuitanga o te Mana Motuhake o Initonīhia, engari nā te mahi tahi a ngā wāhanga rerekē o te motu i whakakotahi kia tutuki ai te whāinga rangatira kotahi—te mana motuhake. Ko ngā tino tangata pērā i a Soekarno, Hatta, Ahmad Subardjo, Admiral Maeda, Sutan Sjahrir, me ngā wāhanga rerekē o ngā toa mō te mana motuhake me te iwi whānui i mahi i ā rātou mahi, i whakaputa mai i te maia, te mātauranga, me te wairua kore whakaaro.
Ko te panuitanga o te mana motuhake o Initonīhia i te 17 o Ākuhata, 1945, ehara i te mea he whakahua noa i tētahi tuhinga, engari he tohu kaha mō te kotahitanga, te patunga tapu, me te tumanako mō tētahi heke mai pai ake mō Initonīhia. Me tiaki tēnei wairua, me tuku iho hoki ki ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
