Te Whakawhanaketanga o ngā Tika Tangata me tana Whakapuakitanga
Ko ngā Tika Tangata (HAM) he huinga tika taketake e mau ana ki ia tangata mai i te whānautanga, ahakoa te iwi, te iwi, te whakapono, te ira tangata, te tūnga pāpori, ngā tirohanga tōrangapū rānei. Ko te whakaaro he mana tō te tangata me whakaute, ehara i te mea hou, engari ko te māramatanga hou mō ngā tika tangata i whakawhanakehia i roto i tētahi tukanga hītori roa, i awehia e ngā pakanga tōrangapū, ngā hurihanga, ngā pakanga, me te putanga mai o ngā umanga o te ao. Ko tētahi tohu nui i roto i tēnei whanaketanga ko te whānautanga o ngā whakapuakitanga me ngā tuhinga ture i whakaū i te whakamana me te tiaki i ngā tika tangata.
Ngā Pūtake Hītori o ngā Tika Tangata
Ka kitea ngā tohu tōmua o ngā whakaaro mō ngā tika tangata puta noa i ngā iwi maha. Ko ngā tikanga ture o Rōma, ko ngā whakaakoranga a ngā whakapono nui, tae noa ki te rapunga whakaaro Kariki, i whai wāhi katoa ki ngā whakaaro mō te tika, te mana, me ngā herenga o ngā rangatira ki ō rātou iwi. Heoi, kāore anō kia tino whakapumautia te ariā o "ngā tika" i roto i te tikanga hou—arā, ko ngā tika e puritia ana e ngā tāngata takitahi, ā, e whakahēngia ana e te kāwanatanga.
I Ūropi o ngā tau waenga, i puta mai ngā tuhinga nui pērā i te Magna Carta (1215) i Ingarangi. E whakahuatia ana tēnei tuhinga hei tētahi o ngā tohu mō ngā herenga o te mana kingi, nā te mea i whakaae kāore e taea e ngā rangatira te mahi tūpono ki ngā rangatira, ā, mā te haere tonu, ki ngā tāngata whenua. Ahakoa kāore anō te Magna Carta i aro ki ngā tika tangata whānui, i whakatōkia te whakaaro me whakawhāiti te mana o te kāwanatanga e te ture.
I haere tonu tēnei whanaketanga me te whānautanga o te Petihana mō ngā Tika (1628) me te Pire mō ngā Tika o Ingarangi (1689), i whakaū i te tiakitanga mai i te pupuri tūpono, te tika ki te tuku pitihana, me ngā herenga ki te mana o te kingitanga. Mai i tēnei, ka kaha ake te whakaaro he tika ētahi o ngā tāngata whenua me whakaute e te kāwanatanga.
Te Wā o te Māramatanga me te Huringa Tōrangapū
I te rautau 17 me te rautau 18, i tino awehia te tihi o te whakaaro mō ngā tika tangata o ēnei rā e te Wā Māramatanga. I whakanuia e ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a John Locke ngā "tika tūturu" o te tangata, pērā i te ora, te herekore, me te taonga. I kōrero a Jean-Jacques Rousseau mō te kirimana pāpori, arā, ko te mana o te mana e ahu mai ana i te whakaae a te iwi. Nā Montesquieu i whakauru te ariā o te wehenga o ngā mana hei ārai i te mana tukino.
Nā ēnei whakaaro i ara ake ai ngā hurihanga tōrangapū nui. Nā te Hurihanga o Amerika i puta ai te Whakapuakitanga o te Mana Motuhake (1776), i whakapuaki ai he ōrite te hanganga o ngā tāngata katoa, ā, he mana motuhake tō rātou. Whai muri i tēnei, nā te Hurihanga Wīwī i whānau ai te Whakapuakitanga o ngā Mana o te Tangata me te Tangata Whenua (1789). Nā tēnei tuhinga i whakaū te herekoretanga, te ōritetanga i mua i te ture, me te mana motuhake o te iwi.
Heoi, he iti noa iho ngā herenga o ēnei whakapuakitanga o mua. He maha ngā rōpū, pērā i ngā wāhine, ngā pononga, me ngā iwi i noho koronihia, kāore i whiwhi i ngā tika ōrite. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ehara te whanaketanga o ngā tika tangata i te rārangi tika, engari he tukanga roa i whakahēngia tonutia, i whakawhānuihia hoki.
Te rautau 19 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 20: Te whānui haere o ngā tika
I te taenga ki te rautau 19, i whanake haere te kōrero mō ngā tika tangata i te taha o te kaupapa whakakore i ngā mahi, te pakanga mō ngā tika o ngā kaimahi, me ngā tono mō te manapori. I roto i ngā whenua maha, i puta mai ngā kaupapa ture me ngā whakahoutanga i whakawhānui ake i ngā tika tōrangapū, pērā i te tika ki te pōti, te herekore o te pāpāho, me te herekore ki te huihui.
Nā te kaupapa mahi i whakauru te hiranga o ngā tika ōhanga me ngā tika pāpori: ngā hāora mahi tika, te utu oranga, me ngā tikanga mahi haumaru. Koinei te tīmatanga o te mōhiotanga ehara i te mea ko ngā tika tangata anake e pā ana ki te herekore mai i te tukino (ngā tika tangata me ngā tika tōrangapū), engari ko te tika hoki ki te oranga tika (ngā tika ōhanga, pāpori, me ngā tika ahurea).
Heoi, i tētahi atu taha, i kitea anō hoki tēnei rautau e te koroni me te pakanga, e whakaatu ana i te tino whiriwhiri tonu o te whakamanatanga o ngā tika. Nā te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao (1914–1918) i whakatairanga te hiahia mō te mahi tahi o te ao hei pupuri i te rangimārie, ā, nā reira i whānau ai te Rōpū o ngā Iwi. Heoi, kāore i taea e te Rōpū o ngā Iwi te aukati i ngā pakanga nui i muri mai.
Te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao me te Whānautanga o te Whakapuakitanga Ao mō ngā Tika Tangata
Ko ngā whakamataku o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao (1939–1945), tae atu ki te Holocaust, ngā mahi nanakia o te pakanga, me ngā takahitanga nui o te tangata, he tohu tēnei i tētahi huringa nui i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā tika tangata. I mōhio te ao ehara i te mea he take ā-roto noa iho ngā takahitanga o te mana tangata mō ngā iwi takitahi, engari he take o te ao e hiahia ana kia whai paerewa ngātahi.
I muri i te pakanga, i whakatūria te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua o te Ao (UN) i te tau 1945, ko ngā whāinga matua he pupuri i te rangimārie me te whakatairanga i te whakaute i ngā tika tangata. I te 10 o Tīhema, 1948, i whakamanahia e te Runanga Nui o te UN te Whakapuakitanga Ao mō ngā Tika Tangata (UDHR).
He tohu nui tēnei whakapuakitanga nā te mea i kīia ai he tika me he herekore ētahi e pā ana ki ngā tāngata katoa, i ngā wāhi katoa. E 30 ngā tuhinga o te UDHR e kapi ana i ngā tika tangata me ngā tika tōrangapū (pēnei i te tika ki te ora, te herekore ki te whakaaro, te herekore ki te whakapono, me te aukati i te whakamamae) tae atu ki ngā tika ōhanga, pāpori, me te ahurea (pēnei i te tika ki te mātauranga, ki te mahi, me te paerewa oranga e tika ana).
Ahakoa ehara te UDHR i te whakaaetanga ture pēnei i te tiriti, he nui te awe o te whakapuakitanga. Kua noho hei tohutoro matatika me te tōrangapū o te ao, ā, kua whakaaweawe i ngā kaupapa ture ā-motu me ngā tiriti o te ao.
Ngā Ture mō ngā Tika Tangata o te Ao i muri i te UDHR
I muri i te UDHR, i whakawhanakehia e te UN ētahi atu tikanga here, mā roto i ngā kawenata nui e rua e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te International Bill of Human Rights:
1. Te Kawenata ā-Ao mō ngā Tika Tangata me ngā Tika Tōrangapū (ICCPR) (1966)
Whakahaere i ngā tika tangata me ngā tika tōrangapū, tae atu ki te mana whakapuaki whakaaro, te tika ki te whakawakanga tika, me te tika ki te whai wāhi ki te kāwanatanga.
2. Te Kawenata ā-Ao mō ngā Tika Ōhanga, Hapori me te Ahurea (ICESCR) (1966)
Whakahaere i ngā tika ki te mahi, te hauora, te mātauranga, te haumarutanga pāpori me te whai wāhi ki ngā mahi ahurea.
Hei tāpiritanga, i whānau mai hoki ngā tikanga kaupapa maha hei tiaki i ētahi rōpū, hei aro atu rānei ki ngā take motuhake, pērā i te Kawenata mō te Whakakore i te Whakahāwea Iwi (1965), te Kawenata mō te Whakakore i te Whakahāwea i ngā Wahine/CEDAW (1979), te Kawenata mō ngā Tika o te Tamaiti/CRC (1989), me te Kawenata mō te Whakatoi/CAT (1984).
E whakaatu ana tēnei whanaketanga i whakakaha ake te whakapuakitanga tuatahi i muri mai e tētahi pūnaha ture ā-ao whānui ake, tae atu ki ngā tikanga pūrongo a te kāwanatanga, te tirotiro a te komiti tohunga, me ngā kōti tika tangata ā-rohe i ētahi rohe.
Te Whakawhanaketanga o ngā Tika Tangata i Initonīhia
I Indonesia, i kitea te ariā o ngā tika me ngā herekoretanga i roto i te pakanga mō te mana motuhake me te wairua ātete ki te koroni. Whai muri i ngā whakahoutanga o te tau 1998, i tino kitea te whakapakari ake i ngā tika tangata mā roto i ngā huringa ture (ngā whakatikatika ki te Ture o te tau 1945), tae atu ki tētahi upoko motuhake mō ngā tika tangata. I whakatūria anō hoki e Indonesia ngā umanga me ngā taputapu ture pērā i te Komihana ā-Motu mō ngā Tika Tangata (Komnas HAM) me tētahi kōti tika tangata hei whakatika i ngā takahi ture nui.
Heoi, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o ngā tika tangata, tae atu ki ngā take o te mana whakapuaki, te whakahāwea, ngā pakanga ahuwhenua, tae atu ki te whakamana ture. E whakaatu ana tēnei me haere tahi te whakamanatanga i roto i ngā whakapuakitanga me ngā kaupapa ture me te whakapau kaha ki te ao tōrangapū, ngā umanga kaha, me te whai wāhi a te marea.
Ngā Wero o Nāianei me te Anamata o ngā Tika Tangata
I tēnei ao hou, kei te tūtaki ngā tika tangata ki ngā wero hou. Ka puta mai i ngā whanaketanga hangarau ngā take o te tūmataitinga raraunga, te tirotiro matihiko, me te horapa o ngā kōrero teka ka taea te whakaoho i te mauahara. He tūmomo mōrearea te raruraru āhuarangi ki ngā tika ki te ora, ki te hauora, me te whare, inā koa mō ngā rōpū ngoikore. I roto i ngā whenua maha, kua ara ake hoki ngā kaupapa here e whakawhāiti ana i ngā mana tangata nā te ngaru o te manapori.
Nō reira, kāore te whanaketanga o ngā tika tangata e mutu i ngā whakapuakitanga. Me haere tonu te whakamārama i ngā tika tangata kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te wā, me te kore e wareware ki ō rātou mātāpono matua: te mana tangata, te ōritetanga, me te herekoretanga. Ko ngā whakapuakitanga me ngā tiriti o te ao te tūāpapa, engari ko tō rātou kaha nui kei roto i te mōhiotanga o te marea me te maia ki te tono kia whakautehia ngā tika tangata i roto i te mahi.
Te Katinga
Ko te whanaketanga o ngā tika tangata me ā rātou whakapuakitanga he hua nō tētahi haerenga roa i awehia e ngā pakanga hītori, ngā whakaaro rapunga whakaaro, me ngā wheako mamae o te tangata. Mai i ngā herenga o te mana kingi i roto i te Magna Carta, ki te ariā o ngā tika taiao i te wā o te Māramatanga, ki te Whakapuakitanga Ao o ngā Tika Tangata o te tau 1948, kua neke te ao ki te whakaae he ōrite te mana o ia tangata. Heoi anō, kei te mau tonu ngā wero mō te whakatinanatanga. Nō reira, ehara ngā tika tangata i te tuhinga noa iho, engari he whakapau kaha tahi me tiaki tonu, me whawhai tonu, me whakahou kia noho whai tikanga tonu ki te aro atu ki ngā take atawhai tangata o nāianei me ngā rā kei te heke mai.
