Te Pakanga a Nelson Mandela ki te Whakahāwea
He tohu rongonui a Nelson Mandela mō tana pakanga ki te apartheid, he pūnaha whakahāwea iwi i Āwherika ki te Tonga. Kī tonu tōna oranga i ngā wero, i ngā patunga tapu, me te whakapau kaha ki te tangata me te tika. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka ruku hohonu atu tātou ki te pakanga a Mandela ki te apartheid me te āhua o tana mahi kaha ki te whakarerekē i Āwherika ki te Tonga me te ao.
Te Papamuri o te Whakahāwea
Ko te whakahāwea whenua he pūnaha ture i Āwherika ki te Tonga mai i te tau 1948 ki te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1990 i wehewehe i te iwi. Nā tēnei pūnaha i whakanoho te hunga mā ki runga ake i te hunga Mangu, Āhia, me te iwi whakauru, ā, i nui ake ngā mana i whakawhiwhia ki a rātou. Ko te hunga Mangu, ko rātou te nuinga o te taupori, i pāngia e te tukino, te tutu, me ngā momo whakahāwea pūnaha. I whakakahoretia rātou kia uru atu ki ngā whare tūmatanui rite tonu ki te hunga mā, i whiwhi i te manaakitanga kore taurite i roto i te mātauranga me te hauora, ā, i akiakihia kia noho ki ngā wāhi motuhake, he maha ngā wā kāore e taea te noho.
Te Tīmatanga o te Pakanga a Mandela
I whānau mai a Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela i te 18 o Hūrae, 1918, i Mvezo, he kāinga iti i te rohe o Eastern Cape i Āwherika ki te Tonga. Nō te whānau rangatira o Thembu a Mandela, ā, mai i tōna tamarikitanga i rongo ia i ngā kōrero mō te toa me te tika. I tōna urunga ki te ao mātauranga, i whai wāhi ia ki te ako ture i Te Whare Wānanga o Fort Hare, ā, i muri mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Witwatersrand.
I te tau 1944, ka uru atu a Mandela ki te African National Congress (ANC), he whakahaere i whakatapua ki te whawhai mō ngā tika o te iwi Mangu i Āwherika ki te Tonga. I whakatū tahi hoki ia i te ANC Youth League, i hangaia hei tīmata i tētahi kaupapa kaha ake, kaha ake hoki e tono ana kia tika.
Pakanga Whakahē i te Whakahāwea
I te tau 1952, i whakatuwheratia e Mandela rāua ko Oliver Tambo te umanga ture mangu tuatahi o Āwherika ki te Tonga. I tukuna e rāua he ratonga ture iti te utu, kore utu rānei ki ngā tāngata mangu e pāngia ana e te hē. I taua tau anō, i whai wāhi nui a Mandela ki te Pakanga Whakahē, i uru atu ai ngā mahi tutu ā-iwi nui ki ngā ture hē o te whakahāwea iwi.
Hei whakautu i ana mahi whakahē, ka tīmata te kāwanatanga whakahāwea iwi ki te aro nui atu ki a Mandela. I te mutunga o te tau 1956, i hopukina a Mandela me ētahi atu kaiwhakahē 155, ā, i whakawakia mō te tinihanga. Whai muri i te whakawakanga roa i roa mō ētahi tau, ka tukuna a Mandela me ōna hoa mahi i te tau 1961.
Ki te whawhai mau patu: MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe)
Nā te korenga o ngā mahi rangimārie ki te whakahē i te whakahāwea i whakamana i a Mandela me whai rautaki rerekē. I te tau 1961, i whakatūria e Mandela me te ANC tētahi parirau hōia ko Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) te ingoa, ko te tikanga "Tao o te Motu." I whakatūria a MK me te tumanako ki te ārai i te kāwanatanga whakahāwea mā te mahi kino ki ngā hanganga kāwanatanga, me te kore e whakararu i ngā oranga tangata.
Heoi, kāore i roa te tūkino tōrangapū nei i mua i te noho a Mandela hei kaupapa matua mō te hopukina e te kāwanatanga whakahāwea iwi. I te tau 1962, i hopukina a Mandela, ā, i whiua ki te rima tau i roto i te whare herehere mō ngā whakapae mō te whakaoho i te porotēhi me te wehe atu i te whenua me te kore whakaaetanga.
Te Whakawakanga i Rivonia me te Whiu Whakawhiu mō te Ora
I te tau 1963, i a ia e noho ana i te whare herehere, i whakawakia a Mandela me ētahi atu rangatira o te MK i roto i te mea i mōhiotia ko te Whakawakanga Rivonia. I whakapaehia rātou mō te mahi whakararuraru, te whakatakoto mahere ki te turaki i te kāwanatanga, me ētahi atu mahi whakatoi. I tana putanga whakamutunga ki te kooti, i whakapuaki a Mandela i tētahi whaikōrero kaha, e maharatia ana e te tini ko tētahi o ngā whaikōrero tino whakahihiri mō te tika me te herekore.
"Kua whawhai ahau mō tēnei kaupapa matua i tōku ao katoa. E hiahia ana ahau kia tutuki. Engari, e te Ariki, ki te mea me mahi ahau, kua rite ahau ki te mate mō tēnei kaupapa matua," te kī a Mandela.
I whiua a Mandela me ētahi atu tāngata tokowhitu ki te whare herehere mō te wa katoa, ā, i mauheretia rātou ki te Moutere o Robben, he whare herehere tawhiti, kino hoki kei waho atu i te takutai o Cape Town.
Ngā Tau i roto i te Whareherehere
I roto i ngā tau 27 i roto i te whare herehere, kāore a Mandela i mutu te whawhai. Ahakoa tōna noho motuhake me te aukati i te whakapā atu ki waho, i tipu haere tonu tōna awe. He maha ngā reta i tuhia e Mandela, ā, i tuhituhi atu hoki ki ētahi atu kaiwhakahē. I uru atu hoki ia ki ngā whiriwhiringa maha me te kāwanatanga, engari kāore ia i peka ke i ana mātāpono o te tika. Kāore te whare herehere i whakangawari i tōna wairua; engari, i riro ia hei tohu ā-ao mō te ātete ki te whakahāwea iwi.
Te Herekore me te Mutunga o te Whakahāweatanga
I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, ka kaha ake te pēhanga ā-rohe me te ao whānui ki te kāwanatanga whakahāwea. Haunga te aukati ā-ōhanga me te ahurea mai i te ao whānui, ka piki ake hoki te pēhanga ā-roto mai i te iwi o Āwherika ki te Tonga. I te tau 1990, hei wāhanga o te nekehanga ki te whakarerekētanga, i whakahaua e te Perehitini o Āwherika ki te Tonga o taua wā, e F.W. de Klerk, kia tukuna a Mandela me te kore here.
I muri i tōna tukunga i te whare herehere, kāore a Mandela i whakaatu i te hiahia ki te rapu utu. Engari, i whiriwhiria e ia te ara o te houhanga rongo me te kōrero hei whakakotahi i tētahi iwi wehewehe. I te tau 1993, i whakawhiwhia a Mandela rāua ko de Klerk ki te Tohu Nobel mō te Rangimārie mō ā rāua mahi ki te whakamutu i te whakahāwea i runga i te rangimārie.
Te Wā o te Perehitini me te Taonga Whakamana
I te tau 1994, i pōtitia a Nelson Mandela hei Perehitini o Āwherika ki te Tonga i ngā pōtitanga tuatahi kore utu o te whenua. Ehara i te mea ko tana noho hei tohu i te mutunga o te whakahāwea iwi anake, engari ko te whakarewatanga hoki o ngā kaupapa maha e aro ana ki te whakatika i ngā rerekētanga ōhanga me te pāpori i waihotia mai e te whakahāwea iwi. I whakatairanga a Mandela i te houhanga rongo ā-motu, te tika pāpori, me te whanaketanga.
I muri i tētahi wā, kāore a Mandela i hiahia kia tū anō hei mema mō te rōpū, ā, ka tukuna e ia te mana whakahaere ki tētahi whakatupuranga hou. I noho kaha tonu ia ki ngā kaupapa atawhai tangata tae noa ki tōna matenga i te 5 o Tīhema, 2013.
Whakamutunga
I roto i te pakanga a Nelson Mandela ki te whakahāwea iwi, i whakaatahia te manawanui, te maia, me te whakaaro nui o tētahi rangatira i whawhai, ehara i te mea mō tōna iwi anake, engari mō te katoa o te tangata. Mai i tōna tamarikitanga ki tōna kaumātuatanga, i homai e Mandela tētahi tauira whakamiharo mō te kaha o te tangata ki te hanga i tētahi rerekētanga nui, ahakoa ngā āwangawanga nui. Kāore i te noho tonu tōna taonga tuku iho i Āwherika ki te Tonga anake, engari i roto hoki i ngā ngākau me ngā hinengaro o te hunga e hiahia ana ki tētahi ao tika, ōrite hoki.
