Te Pakanga a Mahatma Gandhi mō te Mana Motuhake o Īnia
Ko Mahatma Gandhi, ko Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi rānei, tētahi o ngā tino tangata whai mana i roto i te hītori o te ao. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ia mō tana mahi i roto i te pakanga mō te mana motuhake o Īnia i te mana koroni o Peretānia. Nā tana pakanga, me te whakanui i ngā mātāpono o te kore tutu me te satyagraha (te mana pono), i whakaoho i ngā kaupapa whakaora puta noa i te ao. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te oranga o Gandhi me tana takoha nui ki te mana motuhake o Īnia.
Papamuri me te Mātauranga
I whānau mai a Gandhi i te 2 o Oketopa, 1869, i Porbandar, he tāone iti i Gujarat, Īnia. Nō tētahi whānau whai rawa ia; he āpiha kāwanatanga tōna matua, ā, he tino whakapono tōna whaea. I whakatipuria a Gandhi i roto i tētahi taiao Hinitū whakapono, ā, nā ēnei i hanga te maha o ngā uara me ngā mātāpono i mau tonu i a ia i roto i tōna oranga.
I te 19 o ōna tau, ka neke a Gandhi ki Ingarangi ki te whai i ngā akoranga ture i te University College London. I muri i tana whakaoti i ana akoranga, ka hoki ia ki Īnia, ā, ka tīmata tana mahi hei rōia. Heoi, i te tau 1893, ka whakaae ia ki tētahi tuku mahi i Āwherika ki te Tonga, i raro anō hoki i te mana o Peretānia i taua wā. He mea nui tēnei wheako i Āwherika ki te Tonga ki te hanganga o ngā whakaaro tōrangapū me te pāpori o Gandhi.
Āwherika ki te Tonga me ngā Tīmatanga o te Ātete
I Āwherika ki te Tonga, ka tere te mōhio o Gandhi ki te whakahāwea me te whakahāwea kino i pā ki te hapori Īniana. Ko te aituā rongonui o te panaia i a ia i roto i te wāhanga akomanga tuatahi i runga i te tereina nā te tae o tōna kiri i huri hei wā hurihanga i whakakaha ake i tana whakapau kaha ki te whawhai i te hē. I roto i ana tau 21 i Āwherika ki te Tonga, i tīmata a Gandhi i te kaupapa tutu tuatahi hei whawhai mō ngā tika o ngā Īniana i reira. I whakarite ia i te hapori Īniana, ā, i ārahi i ngā whakahē rangimārie maha, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā satyagrahas.
Hoki ki Īnia: Te Hanga i tētahi Kaupapa
I te tau 1915, ka hoki a Gandhi ki Īnia, ā, ka tīmata ki te whakatipu i ngā mātāpono o te satyagraha i tōna whenua tupu. I raro a Īnia i te mana o Peretānia i taua wā, ā, i pāngia te iwi e ngā kaupapa here tukino. I kite a Gandhi i te āhua o ngā kaimahi pāmu i Champaran, Bihar, i akiakihia rātou ki te whakatipu i te indigo i ngā utu kore tika e ngā rangatira whenua i tautokona e Peretānia.
I tīmatahia e Gandhi tētahi kaupapa whakahē kore-tukino i Champaran, ā, i arohia e te motu me te ao whānui. Nā te wikitoria i Champaran i whakaū tōna tūranga hei kaiārahi whai hua i roto i te pakanga mō ngā tika o te tangata. Nō muri mai ka tīmatahia e Gandhi ngā kaupapa rite i Kheda me Ahmedabad.
Te Kore Mahi Tahi me te Hīkoi Tote
Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa nui rawa atu i arahina e Gandhi ko te Kaupapa Kore-Whakahoahoa o 1920–1922. I karanga ia ki te iwi Īnia kia whakakorea tā rātou tautoko i te mana koroni o Peretānia. I roto i tēnei ko te ārai i ngā hua o Peretānia, ngā kura, me ngā kōti koroni. I taua wā, he angitu nui te kaupapa, i uru mai ai te miriona tāngata mai i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ao.
Heoi, i mutu te kaupapa mō tētahi wā poto i te aituā tutu i Chauri Chaura i te Hui-tanguru 1922, i tahuna ai e ngā kaiwhakahē tētahi teihana pirihimana, ā, i mate ai te tini o ngā āpiha. I whakatau a Gandhi, he tangata whakapono ki te kore tutu, ki te whakamutu i te kaupapa. I whakaatu tēnei i tōna pono matatika, kāore i pai ki te whakararu i ana mātāpono.
I te tau 1930, i whakarewahia e Gandhi te Hīkoi Tote (Hīkoi Dandi), he whakahē i te mana pupuri a Peretānia i te tote i Īnia. I tēnei hīkoi, i hikoi a Gandhi i te 240 maero pea mai i te Sabarmati Ashram ki te takutai moana i Dandi ki te hanga i tana ake tote. E mano tini ngā tāngata i uru atu ki te hīkoi, ā, i waiho hei tohu mō te ātete rangimārie, ā, i whakatenatena i te iwi ki te whakahē i ngā kaupapa here koroni. I arohia e te ao te Hīkoi Tote, ā, i whakakaha ake i te tono a Īnia mō te mana motuhake.
Te Whakamutu i te Kaupapa me te Mana Motuhake o Īnia
I ngā tau 1940, i pāngia anō a Īnia e ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū o te ao. Nā te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i ngoikore ai a Peretānia, ā, i waiho kia ngoikore ki ngā pēhanga o te ao. I te tau 1942, i whakarewahia e Gandhi te kaupapa Quit India, me te karanga kia wehe wawe atu a Peretānia i Īnia. I tukuna e ia te karanga "Mate, Kaua rānei," me te akiaki i te iwi Īnia kia whawhai tonu kia whiwhi rā anō i te mana motuhake.
Nā te kaupapa Quit India, i hopukina ngā mano tini o te tangata, tae atu ki a Gandhi me ētahi atu kaiārahi o te Indian National Congress, e te kāwanatanga koroni. Heoi, kāore te wairua ātete i mimiti, engari i kaha ake. Nā roto i ngā pēhanga tōrangapū, pāpori, me te ao whānui, i tutuki ai te mana motuhake o Īnia i te 15 o Ākuhata, 1947.
Taonga Tuku Iho me te Whakaaweawe
Kāore i te whawhai noa a Gandhi mō te mana motuhake o Īnia, engari i whakatūria anō hoki e ia ngā turanga matatika me ngā kaupapa tōrangapū me te pakanga pāpori. Ko ngā mātāpono o te satya (te pono) me te ahimsa (te kore tutu) i tautokona e ia, i whakaakona hoki, kua awe i te tini o ngā tino tangata rongonui o te rautau 20. Ko ngā tino tangata pērā i a Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, me te Dalai Lama kei roto i te hunga i whakaaweawetia e āna whakaakoranga.
I waiho mai hoki e Gandhi tētahi taonga tuku iho i roto i te ahua o ngā whakaaro ōhanga me te pāpori. I tautoko ia i te swadeshi, te whakamahinga o ngā taonga i hangaia i te rohe hei momo ātete ki te koroni ōhanga, ā, i tautoko hoki i te mana motuhake me te whai rawa o ngā kāinga Īnia.
Whakamutunga
He roa, he uaua te pakanga a Mahatma Gandhi mō te mana motuhake o Īnia, engari he haerenga i haerea me te whakapono me te whakapau kaha whakaharahara. Nā tana huarahi kore tutu me tana māramatanga hohonu ki te pono me te tika, i angitu a Gandhi ki te whakaoho i te wairua ātete i roto i te iwi Īnia, ā, i te mutunga ka tutuki te mana motuhake mō tōna whenua. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, kei te whakaoho tonu ngā mātāpono me ngā whakaakoranga a Gandhi i te pakanga mō te herekoretanga, ngā tika tangata, me te tika pāpori puta noa i te ao.
