Pakanga Ā-iwi o Amerika
Ko te Pakanga Tūmatanui o Amerika tētahi o ngā kaupapa tino hira i roto i te hītori o ēnei rā, ehara i te mea mō te Hononga o Amerika anake engari mō te whanaketanga o ngā whakaaro mō te kotahitanga o te motu, ngā tika tangata, me te tūranga o te kāwanatanga ā-motu. I roa te pakanga mai i te tau 1861 ki te tau 1865, ā, e rua ngā rōpū matua i waenganui i a rātou: ko ngā whenua o te Raki i noho pūmau ki te Uniana me ngā whenua o te Tonga i wehe, ā, i whakatū i te Kotahitanga o Amerika. Nui atu i te pakanga hōia, he pakanga tēnei o ngā ariā, ōhanga, me ngā mahi tōrangapū kua roa e koropupū ana.
Papamuri: Ngā Pūtake Roa o te Pakanga
Kāore i puta ohorere ngā take o te Pakanga Ā-Iwi. Mai i te whakatūnga o te Hononga o Amerika, kua puta ngā tautohetohe mō ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe me ngā kāwanatanga ā-motu, tae atu ki te whānuitanga o te mana o Washington e pā ana ki ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe. Heoi, ko te take i tino wehewehe ai te motu ko te pononga. I te Tai Tokerau, i tupu te ahumahi, ā, kāore te ōhanga i whakawhirinaki ki te mahi pononga. I te Tonga, i whakawhirinaki te ōhanga ahuwhenua ki te miro, te tupeka, me ētahi atu māra hua i whakamahi nui i te mahi akiaki a ngā pononga Āwherika me ā rātou uri.
He āwangawanga nui te taurite tōrangapū i waenga i ngā whenua i whakaae ki te mahi pononga me ērā i whakahē, nā te mea i pā ki te hanganga o ngā tūru i roto i te Runanga. I ngā wā katoa e rapu ana tētahi rohe hou i te mana kāwanatanga, ka noho te pātai "he pononga, he herekore rānei" hei tautohetohe ā-motu. He maha ngā whakaaetanga tōrangapū—pērā i te Missouri Compromise (1820) me te Compromise o te tau 1850—i whakaroa noa i te tīmatanga o te pakanga. I piki haere ngā taupatupatu i muri i te Ture Kansas–Nebraska (1854), i whakaae ai ki te "mana motuhake o te iwi" ki te whakatau i te mana o te mahi pononga i roto i ngā whenua hou, i puta ai te tutu e mōhiotia nei ko "Bleeding Kansas."
Hei tāpiritanga, i mura te riri o te Tai Tokerau i te whakataunga a te Kōti Matua i roto i te keehi Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), nā te mea i whakapuakina kāore e taea e ngā mangu te noho hei tāngata whenua, ā, kāore he mana o te kāwanatanga ā-motu ki te aukati i te mahi pononga i roto i ngā rohe ā-motu. I kitea tēnei whakataunga hei wikitoria tōrangapū mō ngā kaipupuri pononga, ā, i whakahōhonu ake te kore whakapono i waenganui i te Tai Tokerau me te Tonga.
Te Whakaoho: Te Pōtitanga o Āperahama Lincoln me te Wehenga
I puta tētahi huringa nui i te pōtitanga perehitini o te tau 1860, i te wā i toa ai a Abraham Lincoln, he mema o te Rōpū Republican, i te tūranga perehitini. I whakahē a Lincoln ki te horapa o te mahi pononga ki ngā rohe hou, ahakoa kāore ia i karanga tika i te tīmatanga kia whakakorea tonutia puta noa i ngā whenua. Ki te tini o ngā rangatira o te Tonga, i kitea te wikitoria o Lincoln hei tūmomo mōrearea mō te oranga: ki te kore e taea te horapa o te mahi pononga, ka ngoikore haere te mana tōrangapū o te Tonga.
Mai i te marama o Tīhema 1860, ka wehe takitahi ngā kawanatanga o te Tonga. Ko South Carolina te tuatahi, ā, whai muri ko Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, me Texas. Kātahi ka whakatūria e rātou te Confederacy me Jefferson Davis hei perehitini. Whai muri i te pakarutanga o te pakanga, he maha atu ngā kawanatanga, tae atu ki a Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, me North Carolina, i uru atu ki te Confederacy.
Te Pahūtanga o te Pakanga: Te Pā o Sumter
I tīmata mana te pakanga i te 12 o Paenga-whāwhā, 1861, i te wā i pupuhi ai ngā hōia o te Kotahitanga ki Fort Sumter, he pā ā-motu i Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. I te mutunga ka tuku te pā, ka puta he urupare kaha a te kāwanatanga. I karanga a Lincoln kia whakaohokia ngā hōia hei tiaki i te Uniana. Mai i taua wā tonu, ko te pakanga, i te tīmatanga he raruraru tōrangapū, ka huri hei pakanga nui.
Te Ara o te Pakanga: Te Rautaki me ngā Pakanga Nui
I kaha ake te pakanga ā-iwi, ā, i tino matatau ake ngā hangarau hōia i ngā pakanga o mua. Nā ngā rerewē, te waea tere, me ngā pū raifuru i whakanui ake te rahi o te nekehanga me te whakamate i te papa pakanga. I whai painga te Raki i roto i te ahumahi, te taupori, me te kawe waka. I whai painga tuatahi te Tonga i te wheako hōia i roto i ētahi o ōna rangatira, ā, i whawhai i runga i te whenua o tōna ake kāinga, nō reira i mōhio ai ia ki te whenua.
Ko tētahi o ngā rautaki a te Raki, e mōhiotia ana ko te "Mahere Anaconda," ko te aukati i ngā tauranga o te Tonga hei tapahi i te hokohoko miro me ngā taonga patu, me te whakahaere i te awa o Mississippi hei wehewehe i te Confederacy. He maha ngā wāhi i whawhaihia ai ngā pakanga nui: i whakaatu a Bull Run (Manassas) kāore e tere te mutu o te pakanga; ko Antietam (1862) tētahi o ngā rā toto rawa atu i roto i te hītori hōia o Amerika; e kiia ana ko Gettysburg (1863) he wā hurihanga nui i te whare tapere pakanga o te Rawhiti, i te wā i peia ai te whakaekenga a Tianara Robert E. Lee ki te Raki.
I te taha Hauāuru, he mahi nui tā Tianara Ulysses S. Grant i te hopu i ngā pā me ngā ara awa, tae atu ki te wikitoria nui i Vicksburg (1863) i hoatu ai ki te Raki te mana whakahaere o te Mississippi. I taua wā, ko te "Hīkoi ki te Moana" a Tianara William T. Sherman i te tau 1864 i whakangaro i ngā hanganga o te Tonga, i whakaiti i te wairua o te taupori, ā, i whakaiti i te kaha o te Confederacy ki te haere tonu i te pakanga.
Te Whakaoranga me te Tikanga Hurihuri o te Pakanga
I te tīmatanga, ko te whāinga matua a te Raki he tiaki i te Uniana, ehara i te mea ko te whakakore noa i te mahi pononga. Engari i te haere tonu o te pakanga, ka huri ngā tūnga matatika me ngā tūnga tōrangapū. I te 1 o Hānuere, 1863, ka whakaputa a Lincoln i te Panuitanga Whakawātea, he ture whakahaere e whakapuaki ana i te whakawāteatanga o ngā pononga i ngā rohe whakakeke e toe ana. Ahakoa kāore i te tuku wawe i ngā pononga katoa i ngā kawanatanga katoa, i hurihia e tēnei panuitanga te pakanga hei pakanga mō te herekoretanga, ā, i pā ki ngā turanga ōhanga o te Tonga.
Nā te mana motuhake anō hoki i whakatakoto te ara mō ngā Amerikana Āhurika ki te whakauru atu ki te Ope Taua o te Uniana. Tata ki te 180.000 ngā hōia Mangu i mahi, ā, i whai wāhi nui tēnei ki te wikitoria o te Raki, me te whakaū i te tono mō ngā tika tangata ā muri ake nei.
Te Mutunga o te Pakanga: Appomattox me ōna Āhuatanga i Muri Mai
I te tau 1865, kua tino pōrearea te Kotahitanga. Nā te korenga o ngā taonga, te aukati whai hua, me te maha o ngā hinganga i ngoikore ai te ātete. I te 9 o Paenga-whāwhā, 1865, ka tuku a Tānerara Robert E. Lee ki a Tānerara Grant i te Whare Kōti o Appomattox, Virginia. Ahakoa i noho pūmau ētahi hōia Kotahitanga mō te wā poto, ko tēnei huihuinga te tohu o te mutunga o te pakanga.
Engari kāore anō kia mutu te aituā: i te 14 o Paenga-whāwhā, 1865, i pūhia a Abraham Lincoln, ā, i te rā i muri mai ka mate. Nā te matenga o Lincoln i whai pānga te huarahi o te hanga hou i muri i te pakanga, ā, i uaua ai te tukanga o te whakakotahitanga o te motu.
He nui te pānga o te Pakanga Tūmatanui. I whakakorea mana te mahi pononga mā te Whakatikatika 13 (1865). Nō muri mai, i whakawhānuihia e ngā Whakatikatika 14 me te 15 te mana tangata whenua me te mana pōti mō ngā tāne Mangu. I te taha tōrangapū, i whakaū te pakanga i te mana o te kāwanatanga ā-motu ki runga ake i ngā whenua hei pupuri i te mana o te motu. I te taha ōhanga, i whakatairangahia e te Raki te ahumahi, i te taha Tonga ia i pāngia e te hinganga o ngā hanganga me te rawakore roa, ā, i puta ai ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe pumau.
Taonga Tuku Iho
I mahue mai i te Pakanga Tūmatanui o Amerika tētahi taonga tuku iho uaua. I tētahi taha, i whakaorangia te Uniana, ā, i whakangaromia te pūnaha pononga nanakia. I tētahi atu taha, i whakaatu te wā Whakahoutanga me ōna huanga kāore i whakakorea aunoatia te kaikiri me te hē i te whakakorenga o te pononga. I mau tonu te wehewehe, te whakahāwea, me te tutu iwi tae noa ki te rautau 20, ā, i noho hei papamuri mō te pakanga mō ngā tika tangata.
Tae noa mai ki tēnei rā, he kaupapa tairongo, he kaupapa nui tonu te Pakanga Tūmatanui i roto i ngā kōrero mō te tuakiri ā-motu o Amerika. He maha ngā wā ka puta he tautohetohe i roto i ngā whakamaharatanga o te Kotahitanga, ngā tohu pakanga, me ngā whakamārama hītori mō te hunga e maumaharatia ana, ngā mea e whakanuia ana, me pēhea te aro atu a te iwi ki tōna hītori.
Hei whakamutunga, ehara te Pakanga Tūmatanui i te mea he hītori pakanga me ngā rautaki anake, engari he kōrero anō hoki mō ngā kōwhiringa matatika, he pakanga whakaaro, me ngā pānga pāpori pumau. Nā te pakanga i hanga te Hononga o Amerika o ēnei rā—he iwi e tohe tonu ana ki ngā pātai mō te ōritetanga, te herekoretanga, me te tikanga o te kotahitanga.
