Te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika me ōna Tauanga
Ko te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika, e mōhiotia ana ko te Pakanga Hurihuri o Amerika, i tū mai i te tau 1775 ki te 1783, ā, he wā nui tēnei i roto i te hītori o te ao. I roto i te pakanga, e 13 ngā koroni o Amerika i whawhai mō te herekoretanga mai i te mana o Peretānia. Nā tēnei pakanga i hua ake ai te hanganga o te Hononga o Amerika e mōhiotia nei e tātou i tēnei rā. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te pakanga me te whakaatu i ētahi o ngā tino tangata i whai wāhi ki te whakatutuki i te mana motuhake.
Te Papamuri ki te Pakanga o te Mana Motuhake
Ko te hītori roa o te koroni o Peretānia i Amerika Te Raki te pūtake nui o te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika. Mai i te tīmatanga o te rautau 17, i whakatūria ngā koroni Peretānia maha ki te Tai Rāwhiti o Amerika Te Raki. Ahakoa ngā momo papamuri me ngā hiahia pāpori-ōhanga o ngā tāngata whenua o ēnei koroni, ko tētahi mea i whakakotahi i a rātou ko te koretake ki ngā kaupapa here Peretānia e kitea ana e rātou he pehi me te whakamahi kino.
I tīmata te piki haere o ngā taupatupatu i waenganui i ngā koroni me te Karauna o Peretānia i muri i ngā huihuinga i mōhiotia ko te Boston Tea Party i te tau 1773. Ko tēnei huihuinga, i ringihia ai e ngā tāngata koroni te tī Peretānia ki te whanga o Boston hei whakahē i te taake tī, te mutunga o ngā mahi maha a te koroni ki te kaupapa here taake me te kore he māngai.
Te Whakatūnga o te Runanga Whenua-ā-Kiwa
I te 5 o Hepetema, 1774, i huihui ngā māngai o ngā koroni 12 (kāore a Georgia i māngai) mō te Huihuinga Whenua Tuatahi i Philadelphia. Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei hui he whakawhanake i tētahi rautaki hei ārai i ngā mahi tukino a te kāwanatanga o Peretānia. I tēnei Huihuinga, i whakaae ngā māngai ki te ārai i ngā taonga o Peretānia, me te tono kia nui ake ngā tika mō ngā koroni.
Nā te kaha o te urupare a ngā Piritana ki ēnei tono, tae atu ki te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi pehi e mōhiotia ana ko ngā "Acts of Incontrol," i kaha ake ai te kino o te āhuatanga. I te mutunga, i te marama o Āperira 1775, ka pakaru ngā pakanga ā-pū i Lexington me Concord, koinei te tīmatanga o te Pakanga o te Mana Motuhake.
Ngā Tino Hiranga i te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika
Ehara i te mea ko ngā mahi hōia anake te tohu o tēnei pakanga, engari ko ngā kaupapa here tōrangapū mohio me te kaiārahi matakite o te tini o ngā tino tangata. Anei ētahi o ngā tino tangata i roto i te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika:
1. Hōri Washington
Ko George Washington tētahi o ngā tino tangata nui i roto i te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika. I mua i te pakanga, kua whakatūria e Washington tōna ingoa hei kaiārahi hōia nā roto i ōna wheako i roto i te Pakanga Wīwī me te Pakanga Īnia. I te tau 1775, i whakatūria ia hei Kaihautū Matua o te Ope Taua Whenua e te Runanga Whenua Tuarua. He mea nui tana kaiārahi whakaaro nui me te karismā ki te whakakotahi me te whakatenatena i te ope taua e kore e nui ngā taonga me ngā whakangungu. I rongonui hoki a Washington mō tana rautaki mohio, tae atu ki te whakaeke ohorere ki Trenton me te wikitoria whakatau i te Whakapae o Yorktown, i tohu i te mutunga o te pakanga.
2. Tāmati Hēparana
E mōhiotia ana ko ia te kaituhi matua o te Whakapuakitanga o te Mana Motuhake o Amerika, ko Thomas Jefferson tētahi o ngā tino tohunga hinengaro o te hurihanga. I hainatia i te 4 o Hūrae, 1776, i whakatūria e te Whakapuakitanga o te Mana Motuhake ngā mātāpono taketake o te herekoretanga me ngā tika tangata i noho hei turanga mō te iwi hou. Ko ngā whakaaro o Jefferson, e whakanui ana i te herekoretanga takitahi me ngā tika tangata tūturu, i awe i te tini, ā, i noho hei tauira matatika mō ngā toa o te herekoretanga.
3. Benjamin Franklin
He tohunga tānga kōrero a Benjamin Franklin, ā, he mahi nui tāna i roto i te whiwhi tautoko ā-ao mō te kaupapa o Amerika. He mea nui tana mahi i Parani, inā koa i tana whakatenatena i te kāwanatanga o Parani ki te whakarato āwhina hōia me te pūtea. Nā te mahi tānga kōrero a Franklin i angitu ai te whakatenatena i a Parani ki te uru atu ki te pakanga ki te taha o Amerika i te tau 1778, he nekehanga i tino whakapakari i te tūranga hōia o te koroni, ā, i tere ake ai te wikitoria.
4. Hoani Ātama
Hei kaiwhakatairanga me hei kaitōrangapū, he tūranga nui tā John Adams i roto i te whakatinanatanga me te whakamahere i te Huringa. Ko Adams tētahi o ngā kaitautoko tino kaha mō te mana motuhake mai i Peretānia, ā, he tūranga nui tāna i roto i te tuhi me te whiriwhiri i ngā tiriti matua. Ko ia anō tētahi o ngā tāne tokorima i whakatūria hei tuhi i te Whakapuakitanga o te Mana Motuhake.
5. Marquis de Lafayette
He rangatira Wīwī a Lafayette i uru atu ki te kaupapa o Amerika i tōna tamarikitanga me te hihiri. He mea tino nui tōna pono me tōna pūkenga hei rangatira hōia ki te Ope Taua Whenua. I āwhina anō hoki tōna awe ki te whakangawari i ngā whakaaro kino o ētahi tino tangata rongonui o Parani ki te Huringa o Amerika.
6. Ārehanara Hamilton
Hei tētahi o ngā rangatira koroni taitamariki rawa atu i mahi, i tīmata a Alexander Hamilton i tana mahi hei kaituhi me te kaiwhakatairanga whakaaro tūmatanui i mua i tana urunga atu ki te ope taua. I noho a Hamilton hei kaitohutohu tata ki a George Washington, ā, i mōhiotia ia mō āna mahi rautaki whai hua i roto i te pakanga. I muri i te pakanga, i whai wāhi nui anō hoki ia ki te whakatū i te hanganga pūtea hou o te motu hei Hēkeretari Putea tuatahi o Amerika.
Te Tihi me te Mutunga o te Pakanga
Ko tētahi o ngā wā nui o te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika ko te Whakapaenga o Yorktown i te ngahuru o te tau 1781. Nā te āwhina a te ope taua moana Wīwī, i karapotia angitutia e ngā ope taua whenua o Amerika ngā ope taua o Peretānia i arahina e Tianara Charles Cornwallis. Whai muri i te pakanga nui, ka tuku a Cornwallis i a rātou anō i te marama o Oketopa 1781. Nā tēnei wikitoria i mutu ai ngā pakanga nui o te pakanga.
I te tau 1783, i hainatia te Tiriti o Parī, i whakamanahia ai te mana motuhake o te Hononga o Amerika, ā, i whakatūria hoki ngā rohe o te iwi hou.
Pānga me te Taonga Tuku Iho
Kāore i te mea i whakarerekē noa te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika i te mutunga o ngā koroni o Peretānia i Amerika Te Raki, engari i whakaaweawe hoki i ngā kaupapa herekore huri noa i te ao. Ko ngā mātāpono i whakatōkia ki roto i te Whakapuakitanga Motuhake o Amerika i whakamārama mārama i ngā uara o ngā tika tangata me te kāwanatanga i runga i te whakaae a te hunga e whakahaerehia ana, ā, i whakaaweawe i ētahi atu hurihanga, tae atu ki te Hurihanga Wīwī.
I tua atu, ko te whakatūnga o te Hononga o Amerika te tīmatanga o tētahi wā hou i roto i te hītori o te ao, i tīmata ai te horapa me te tango i ngā ariā o te manapori me te herekoretanga takitahi e ngā iwi maha. Ko ngā tino tangata o te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika i noho hei tauira mō ngā reanga o muri mai i roto i te pakanga mō te herekoretanga me te tika.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te Pakanga Motuhake o Amerika me ōna kaiārahi e whakaako ana i a tātou ki te hiranga o te ngākau nui, te manawanui, me te pupuri i ngā mātāpono matatika hei whakatutuki i te mana motuhake me te hanga i tētahi iwi tika, herekore. Ka noho tonu tō rātou taonga tuku iho hei wāhanga o te kōrero hītori e whakaū ana i ngā uara tangata.
