Te Tūranga o Gandhi i te Mana Motuhake o Īnia
Ko Mahatma Gandhi tētahi o ngā tino tangata whai mana i roto i te hītori o Īnia o ēnei rā. E hono ana tōna ingoa ki te pakanga mō te mana motuhake, me tana tikanga pakanga ahurei hoki: te kore-tūkino. Ehara i te mea ko tana kaiārahi tōrangapū anake te tūranga o Gandhi i roto i te mana motuhake o Īnia, engari ko tōna kaha ki te huri i te pakanga a te iwi hei kaupapa nui e ahu mai ana i te matatika, te whakahaere, me te kotahitanga o ngā karaehe. Mā roto i āna rautaki o te satyagraha (te mana o te pono) me te ahimsa (te kore-tūkino), i āwhina a Gandhi ki te whakatakoto i ngā turanga o te kaupapa ā-motu i ārahi i a Īnia ki te mana motuhake mai i Peretānia i te tau 1947.
Te papamuri o te koroni o Peretānia i Īnia
I mua i te mana motuhake, i raro a Īnia i te mana o Peretānia mā te Kamupene Īnia ki te Rawhiti, ā, i muri mai i raro tonu i te Karauna o Peretānia. Nā te koroni i hanga he kore taurite nui: i whakamahia ngā rauemi o Īnia, i ngoikore ngā ahumahi ā-rohe, ā, he maha ngā wā i taumaha ai ngā kaupapa here tāke ki te hunga rawakore. I tua atu, i whakatinanahia e te Peretānia he kaupapa here wehewehe-me-ture mā te whakamahi i ngā rerekētanga whakapono, kāwai, me ngā iwi, ka memeha te kotahitanga i waenga i ngā rōpū. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga, i hiahiatia he tangata whakakotahi me tētahi rautaki e taea ai te whakakotahi i te marea mō te pakanga mana motuhake—ā, koinei te wāhi i puta mai ai a Gandhi.
Ko Gandhi me te hanganga o ngā rautaki pakanga
Kāore a Gandhi i puta wawe mai hei kaiārahi ā-motu mō Īnia. I whakakoi ia i ōna whakaaro me āna tikanga pakanga i a ia i Āwherika ki te Tonga, hei tiaki i ngā tika o ngā hapori Īnia i whakahāweatia. Nā tēnei wheako i hanga tōna whakapono kāore e tika kia tutu te ātete. I muri i tana hokinga ki Īnia i te tau 1915, ka uru atu a Gandhi ki ngā take o te iwi taketake, ā, ka tere tana whiwhi tautoko, i a ia e whakatakoto ana i te mamae o te iwi ki waenganui o tana pakanga.
E toru ngā mea i whakanuia e te rautaki a Gandhi: te pono, te whakahaere matatika, me te mahi tahi. I whakaako ia me uru ki te pakanga te hiahia ki te mahi patunga tapu—tae atu ki te whakaae ki te mauherehere—me te kore e whakautu ki te tutu ki te tutu. Nō reira, ko ngā mahi pehi a te kāwanatanga koroni ka taea te kukume i te aroha o te iwi whānui, ā, ka ngoikore te mana o Peretānia i te tirohanga a te ao.
Te huri i tētahi kaupapa rangatira hei kaupapa papatipu
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Gandhi ko te hurihanga o te pakanga mana motuhake, i mua ko te mana o te hunga tōrangapū rangatira, hei kaupapa mō te iwi. I te tīmatanga, ko te nuinga o te hunga i roto i te Runanga ā-Motu o Īnia he hunga mātau me ngā tāngata nō te akomanga waenga o te tāone. I kawea mai e Gandhi tētahi huarahi rongonui ake: i haere ia ki ngā kāinga, i mau i ngā kākahu māmā pērā i te iwi noa, ā, i whakamahia ngā tohu ā-rohe hei taputapu whakakotahi.
I kōrero anō hoki a Gandhi mō ngā take e pā ana ki te oranga o ia rā, pērā i te rawakore, ngā taake, te utu o ngā mea e hiahiatia ana, me te āhua o ngā kaimahi pāmu. Nā tēnei i neke te tirohanga o te pakanga mana motuhake mai i te mea tōrangapū ki te kawenga tahi. Nā te whānui o te whakaohooho, ka piki ake te pēhanga ki ngā Piritana, i te mea ka tūtaki te kāwanatanga koroni ki te ātete kāore i taea te wikitoria mā te mahi hōia anake.
Te Kaupapa Kore-Whakakotahi
I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1920, i ārahi a Gandhi i te Kaupapa Kore-Whakahoahoa. Ko tōna whakaaro matua he whakakore i te mahi tahi me ngā umanga koroni: te ārai i ngā kura, ngā kōti, me ngā taonga o Peretānia, me te whakatenatena i te whakamahinga o ngā hua o te rohe. I whakaatu tēnei kaupapa ko te mana koroni e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ngohengohe o te iwi. Mēnā ka tangohia ngātahitia e te iwi tā rātou tautoko, ka ngoikore te mana o Peretānia.
Ahakoa i whakamutua te kaupapa mō tētahi wā poto i muri i te aituā tutu i Chauri Chaura (1922), i whakaū te huihuinga i te pumau o Gandhi: i whakakahore ia i te herekore i tutuki mā te tutu. Ki a Gandhi, kāore e taea te wehewehe i ngā whāinga me ngā tikanga. Me puta te herekore tūturu mai i tētahi hapori e kaha ana ki te whakahaere i a ia anō me te pupuri i ngā uara tangata.
Tohu o Swadeshi me te kakahu miro (Khadi)
I hangaia e Gandhi te swadeshi—te whakatairanga i te hanga me te kai o te rohe—hei pou mō te ātete. I whakatairangahia e ia te kakahu khadi i whatuhia i te kāinga. Ehara i te mea he mahi ōhanga noa iho te whatu kakahu, engari he tohu mō te mana motuhake me te ātete ki te mana o te umanga kakahu o Peretānia, e whakangaro ana i ngā tohunga toi Īnia.
Mā tēnei tohu māmā noa iho, i whakakotahi a Gandhi i ngā rōpū kanorau o te hapori. Ka taea e te hunga rawakore te mahi miro, ko te hunga whai rawa ia ka whakaatu i te kotahitanga mā te whakarērea i ngā kākahu kawemai. I roto i te hinengaro, i whakapakari tēnei kaupapa i te whakapehapeha o te motu, ā, i whakatōkia te whakapono ka taea e Īnia te tū ki runga i ōna waewae ake.
Te Hīkoi Tote me te ātete ā-iwi
Ko tētahi o ngā wā tino rongonui o te pakanga mō te mana motuhake o Īnia ko te Hīkoi Tote o te tau 1930. I whakatakotohia e te Piritana te mana motuhake me te taake ki runga i te tote, ahakoa he mea nui ki ngā taumata katoa o te hapori. I whakamahia e Gandhi tēnei take nā te mea he ngāwari ki te mārama me te rongo i te katoa.
Nāna i ārahi tētahi hīkoi roa ki te takutai moana ki te hanga i tana ake tote hei mahi whakahē ā-iwi. I te āhua māmā noa iho te mahi, engari he nui te pānga: i whakaoho i te ngaru ātete puta noa i te rohe, i kukume i te aro o ngā pāpāho o te ao, ā, i whakama te kāwanatanga koroni, i te āhua nei i pēhi i te iwi mō te tote noa iho. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te mōhio o Gandhi ki te whiriwhiri i tētahi take "iti" he mana nui tōna, he mana tohu, he mana tōrangapū hoki.
Te tūranga i roto i te whiriwhiringa me te pēhanga tōrangapū
Kāore i te mea ko Gandhi anake te kaiārahi i ngā whakahē nui, engari i whai wāhi nui anō hoki ia i te tēpu whiriwhiri, i te taha o te kāwanatanga o Peretānia me ētahi atu tino rangatira tōrangapū o Īnia. I mārama ia me whakakotahi te mana motuhake i te pēhanga mai i raro me ngā whiriwhiringa mai i runga. I ētahi wā, i uru atu a Gandhi ki ngā huihuinga me ngā kōrero hei akiaki i ngā whakarerekētanga me te whakamārama i ngā tono mō te mana motuhake.
Heoi, i tino mōhio anō hoki ia kāore a Peretānia e tuku noa i a Īnia kia haere. Nō reira, ko te pēhanga matatika me te pēhanga tōrangapū mā roto i ngā mahi tutu ka huri hei taputapu hei whakapakari i te tūranga tauhokohoko a Īnia. Nā te maha o ngā mauheretanga o Gandhi i whakakaha ake tōna ahua hei kaiārahi i patu whakahere mō te iwi, ā, i whakapiki ake i te tautoko o te ao mō te pakanga a Īnia.
Te pupuri i te kotahitanga me te wero i te wehewehenga
Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui i mua i te mana motuhake ko te tipu haere o te taupatupatu i waenganui i ngā hapori Hindu me ngā hapori Muhirama. I whakapau kaha a Gandhi ki te pupuri i te kotahitanga o te motu, me te whakatairanga i te manawanui. I whakakahoretia e ia ngā mahi tōrangapū o te mauahara, ā, i karanga tonu ia mō te whanaungatanga whakawhanaungatanga i waenga i ngā whakapono. I roto i ngā ngangau maha o ngā hapori, i whiriwhiri a Gandhi ki te haere tika ki ngā wāhi pakanga, nohopuku, me te karanga kia mutu te tutu.
Heoi, e whakaatu ana te hītori kāore i tino angitu āna mahi ki te aukati i te wehewehenga o te rohe ki roto i a Īnia me Pakitāne i te tau 1947. Ahakoa rā, he mea nui tonu te tūranga o Gandhi nā te mea he reo matatika tonu ia e whakahē ana i te tutu ā-iwi, me te whakanui hoki ka ngaro te tikanga o te mana motuhake mēnā ka patu te tangata tetahi i tetahi.
Te taonga tuku iho a Gandhi mō te mana motuhake o Īnia
I tutuki te mana motuhake o Īnia mā roto i tētahi tukanga roa i uru atu ai ngā tini tāngata me ngā āhuatanga, tae atu ki ngā huringa ā-ao i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. Engari ko te tūranga matua tonu o Gandhi nā te mea i whakarato ia i tētahi "reo" pakanga kua whakaaetia whānuitia: te kore tutu, te maia ā-iwi, me te whakawhirinaki ki a ia anō. Nāna i hanga te āhua o te kaupapa mana motuhake o Īnia, me te whāinga ehara i te mea ki te pei noa i te mana koroni engari ki te hanga hoki i tētahi hapori whai mana ake.
Kei tua atu i Īnia te taonga tuku iho a Gandhi. Nā āna tikanga pakanga i whakaoho i ngā tika tangata me ngā kaupapa whakahē koroni puta noa i te ao. I whakaatu ia ka puta te mana tōrangapū i te matatika me te whakahaere ngātahi. I roto i te horopaki o te mana motuhake o Īnia, ehara a Gandhi i te kaiārahi noa iho, engari he tohu ātete, e huri ana i te mamae o te iwi hei kaha mō te kotahitanga.
Whakamutunga
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te tūranga o Gandhi i roto i te mana motuhake o Īnia i roto i ana whakaaro me ana tikanga pakanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono o te ahimsa me te satyagraha, i hurihia e ia te pakanga hei kaupapa nui, whai tikanga, whai hua hoki, i whakararu i te mana tōrangapū me te hinengaro o te iwi Piritana. Ahakoa i kitea te mana motuhake e ngā wehewehenga, he mea nui tonu te takoha a Gandhi: i whakatōkia e ia te whakapono ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā huringa nui mā te kore tutu, mā te maia, te pono, me te kotahitanga o te iwi. Mēnā ko te mana motuhake te mutunga o te koroni, ko Gandhi te mea matua e whakatau ana i te huarahi roa ki taua mutunga.
