Te Tūranga o Adam Smith i roto i te Ōhanga Hou
E kiia ana a Adam Smith (1723–1790) ko te "Matua o te Ōhanga Hou" nā te mea i hanga e ōna whakaaro te huarahi e mārama ai tātou ki ngā mākete, ngā utu, me te tūranga o te kāwanatanga tae noa mai ki tēnei rā. I roto i tana mahi nui, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), e mōhiotia ana ko The Wealth of Nations, i whakatakoto a Smith i tētahi anga hou mō te whakaaro ki te āhua o te angitu o ngā hapori, te whanaketanga o te whakaputa me te hokohoko, me te āhua o te whakatakoto kaupapa here tūmatanui. Ahakoa he rerekē rawa te ao o te rautau 18 i te ōhanga o te ao o ēnei rā, he maha ngā ariā a Smith e whai tikanga tonu ana—hei aratohu, hei tīmatanga hoki mō te tautohetohe.
Te Papamuri o te Whakaaro a Adam Smith
I noho a Adam Smith i tētahi wā o ngā huringa nui: i hurihia ngā tikanga whakaputa e te Huringa Ahumahi, i whānui haere te hokohoko o te ao, ā, ko te merkantilism—i whakanuia te kohikohi koura me te tiakitanga tino kaha—i whakahaere i ngā kaupapa here a te tini o ngā whenua Pākehā. I whakahē a Smith i te merkantilism mō te whakawhāiti i te herekoretanga mākete me te whakanui ake i te taonga kitea (ngā rahui koura) i te oranga tūturu o te hapori (te whakaputa taonga me ngā ratonga). Ki tana titiro, ko te oranga o tētahi iwi ehara i te mea i runga i tana taonga konganuku utu nui, engari i runga i tōna kaha ki te whakaputa me te tohatoha whai hua i ngā taonga me ngā ratonga.
Haunga te pukapuka The Wealth of Nations, i tuhia hoki e Smith te pukapuka The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), e whakaatu ana ehara i te mea ko ngā mākete anake āna whakaaro, engari ko te matatika, te aroha, me ngā whanonga tangata anō hoki. He mea nui tēnei nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka whakarārangihia a Adam Smith hei kaitautoko i ngā "mākete kore here", ahakoa i kite ia i te tangata hei tangata pāpori e awehia ana hoki e ngā tikanga me te aroha.
Te Wehenga Mahi me te Hua
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Adam Smith ko te ariā o te wehewehenga o te mahi. I kite a Smith mā te wehewehe i te tukanga whakaputa ki ngā mahi iti ake ka nui ake te hua. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te wheketere pine, i reira ka tere ake te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga i te wā kotahi te tangata e mahi ana i te tukanga katoa.
I roto i te ōhanga o ēnei rā, ka kitea tēnei whakaaro i roto i:
– Te tohungatanga o ngā kaimahi i roto i ngā ahumahi hanga me ngā ahumahi ratonga.
– Te mekameka tuku o te ao, e hangaia ai ngā wāhanga hua i ngā whenua rerekē e ai ki ō rātou kaha.
– Ko te whakahaere umanga hou, e wehewehe ana i ngā mahi ki ngā tari pēnei i te whakaputa, te hokohoko, te pūtea, me te rangahau.
Ahakoa i whakapiki ake te wehewehenga o ngā mahi i te whai huatanga, i kite anō a Smith i tētahi kōrero nui: ka taea e te mahi auau rawa te whakapōrearea i te hinengaro o ngā kaimahi. Nō reira, i kite ia i te hiahia mō te mātauranga me te tūranga o te kāwanatanga ki te pupuri i te kounga o te tangata, ehara i te mea ko te putanga ōhanga anake.
"Ringa Kāore e Kitea" me ngā Tikanga Mākete
Ko te ariā rongonui a Smith ko te "ringa kore e kitea," arā, ina whaia e te tangata ō rātou ake painga i roto i te mākete whakataetae, ka taea e rātou te whakaputa hua ā-korekore mō te hapori. He tohu te tikanga utu: ki te piki te tono, ka piki ngā utu, ka akiaki i ngā kaihanga ki te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga; ki te nui rawa te tuku, ka heke ngā utu, ā, ka whakatikatika te whakaputanga.
I roto i te ōhanga o ēnei rā, kei roto i tēnei mātāpono:
– Ngā mākete mō ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, e āwhina ana ngā utu ki te tohatoha rauemi.
– Ngā mākete mahi, ko ngā utu he tohu mō ngā hiahia pūkenga.
– Ngā mākete whakapaipai, ko ngā hua me ngā mōrearea te ārahi i ngā haumitanga.
Heoi anō, e whakaatu ana hoki ngā ōhanga o ēnei rā i ngā rohe o tēnei ariā. Ka tino pai te mahi a te "ringa ngaro" ina he whakataetae hauora, he nui ngā mōhiohio, ā, kāore he hapa nui. I te ao tūturu, he maha ngā wā ka puta ngā rahunga mākete pērā i te monopolies, ngā āhuatanga o waho, me ngā rerekētanga mōhiohio—koinei te pūtake mō ngā ture o ēnei rā.
Te Hokohoko Koreutu me te Painga Tino Pai
He kaitautoko kaha a Smith mō te hokohoko kore utu. I tautohe ia mēnā ka taea e tētahi whenua te whakaputa i tētahi taonga motuhake me te whai hua ake i tētahi atu whenua, me arotahi ki taua taonga, ā, me whakawhitiwhiti mā te hokohoko. E mōhiotia ana tēnei ariā ko te painga tuturu.
I roto i ngā mahi o ēnei rā, ko ngā whakaaro o Smith te tūāpapa mō:
– Ngā kaupapa here mō te whakawātea i te hokohoko me te whakaiti i te tari tāke.
– Te hanganga o ngā whakahaere me ngā whakaaetanga hokohoko o te ao.
– Ko te tautohe e kī ana ka taea e te tuwhera o te hokohoko te whakaheke i ngā utu me te whakawhānui i ngā whiringa a ngā kaihoko.
Ahakoa i whakawhanakehia e David Ricardo te ariā o te painga whakataurite i muri mai, i noho tonu ngā whakaaro o Smith hei pou matua: ehara te hokohoko i te kēmu "toa, hinga", engari ka taea te hanga painga tahi mēnā ka whakapiki ake i te hua.
Te Tūranga o te Kāwanatanga e ai ki a Adam Smith: Ehara i te mea "iti noa iho"
He maha ngā wā e hono ana a Adam Smith ki te ariā o te kāwanatanga iti (laissez-faire). Heoi, kāore ia i whakakore katoa i te kāwanatanga. I kite a Smith i te tūranga nui o te kāwanatanga, inā koa i roto i ngā wāhanga matua e toru:
1. Te parepare me te haumarutanga: me tiaki e te kāwanatanga te hapori mai i ngā tūmomo riri o waho.
2. Te whakamana ture me te tika: ka tiakina e te kāwanatanga ngā mana whenua, ngā kirimana me te pumau o te ture.
3. Te whakarato i ngā taonga tūmatanui: pērā i ngā hanganga (ngā rori, ngā piriti) me ngā umanga kāore e taea te whakarato ngāwari e te mākete nā te mea he whānui ngā painga, ā, he uaua ki te kohi utu mō aua mea.
He tino whai mana tēnei anga i roto i te ōhanga o ēnei rā. Tata ki ngā pūnaha ōhanga katoa o nāianei—tae atu ki ngā pūnaha e tautoko ana i te mākete—e mōhio ana ki te hiranga o te whakatinanatanga ture, te whakarato hanganga, te mātauranga, me ētahi ratonga tūmatanui. Ko te tautohetohe o ēnei rā ehara i te mea he mea tika te kāwanatanga, engari ko te nui me te nui o te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga e tika ana.
Te Awe ki te Ariā Ōhanga me te Kaupapahere ā-Iwi
Ko ngā whakaaro o Smith te pūtake o te ōhanga matarohia, ā, i muri mai ka whanake hei peka o ngā ariā, tae atu ki te ōhanga neo-matarohia. I whakatairangahia e ia tētahi huarahi whakaaro e whakanui ana i:
– Ngā tāngata takitahi hei kaiwhakaari ōhanga whai whakaaro (ahakoa kāore i te tino tika i ngā wā katoa).
– Ko te utu hei tikanga whakarite.
– Te hua me te kohikohinga whakapaipai hei pūtake tipu.
I roto i ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui, i awe a Smith i:
– Te whakahounga taake me te whakatairanga i te whai huatanga o te whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga.
– Te whakapakari i ngā umanga mākete mā te tiaki i ngā mana whenua.
– Te whakakore i te tiakitanga nui rawa e whai hua ana ki ētahi rōpū.
Ko te whakahē i a Smith—hei tauira, mai i ngā kaitātari pērā i a Karl Marx, i ngā tohunga ōhanga o ēnei rā rānei e whakanui ana i te kore taurite—e whakaatu ana hoki i tōna awe nui. He maha ngā tautohetohe ōhanga o ēnei rā mō te tohatoha moni whiwhi, ngā utu, me te mana o ngā kamupene i ahu mai i te anga mākete i āwhina a Smith ki te whakatakoto.
Te Hiranga me ngā Wero i te Wā Ōhanga Mamati
I tēnei ao matihiko, kei te whai hua tonu ngā whakaaro o Smith engari he wero hou kei mua. Ka hangaia e ngā papaaho matihiko he mākete tino whai hua, engari he maha hoki ngā wā ka puta he mana whakahaere takitahi me ngā pānga whatunga (ka nui ake ngā kaiwhakamahi, ka kaha ake te papaaho). Nā tēnei ka iti ake te whakataetae o ngā mākete i tā te tauira pai e whakaarohia ana.
Hei tāpiri atu, ko te take o ngā raraunga hei rawa ōhanga he momo hou o te "whakapaipai" kāore i kōrerotia i te wā o Smith. Ahakoa rā, ko ngā mātāpono matua a Smith—te hiranga o te hua, te auahatanga, me te whakahaere umanga—kei te noho tonu hei anga mō te mārama ki te ōhanga matihiko. Ko ngā ture ārai-whakapakeke, te tiaki kaihoko, me te kaupapa here whakataetae ka taea te kite hei mahi hou hei whakarite kia haere tonu te "ringa ngaro" ki te mahi me te kore e nui te whakapohehe.
Whakamutunga
He hohonu te tūranga o Adam Smith i roto i te ōhanga o ēnei rā: nāna i whakatakoto ngā turanga mō te mārama ki te wehewehenga o te mahi, ngā tikanga mākete, ngā painga o te hokohoko, me te tūranga o te kāwanatanga ki te whakarato i ngā turanga whakahaere. Ahakoa me urutau ētahi o ana whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga o nāianei—pērā i te pikinga ake o ngā mana motuhake mamati, ngā āhuatanga taiao, me te kore taurite—kei te noho tonu a Smith hei tangata matua i roto i te hanga i te reo, ngā ariā, me te ahunga o te tautohetohe ōhanga tae noa mai ki tēnei rā. Mā te mārama ki ana whakaaro whānui, ka kite tātou ehara i te mea ko ngā hua me ngā utu anake te kaupapa ōhanga, engari ko ngā whakahaere, ngā tikanga matatika, me te oranga o te hapori whānui.
