Te Hiranga o ngā Pakanga Punic
Ko ngā Pakanga Punic he raupapa o ngā pakanga nui e toru i waenganui i a Rōma me Carthage i roa mai i te tau 264 ki te 146 BC. Ahakoa i akohia pinepinetia hei "pakanga tawhito" i tawhiti atu i te ao hou, he pānga nui tō ngā Pakanga Punic ki te huarahi o te hītori o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa—tae atu ki te hanganga o te ao Hauāuru. Ehara i te mea he pakanga noa iho ēnei pakanga i waenganui i ngā tāone-whenua nui e rua, engari he pakanga i waenganui i ngā tauira mana e rua: ko Rōma, i runga i te whakahaere hōia me te whakahaere tōrangapū, me Carthage, he kaha ki te hokohoko, ki te taonga moana, me ngā whatunga ōhanga. Ki te mārama ki te hiranga o ngā Pakanga Punic, ko te mārama ki te hurihanga o Rōma mai i te mana rohe o Itari ki tētahi emepaea nui, me te hurihanga tuturu o te whenua tōrangapū, ōhanga, me te ahurea o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.
Papamuri: e rua ngā mana nui o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa
I te rautau 3 BC, kua raupatuhia e Rōma te nuinga o Itari, ā, kua mau tonu te pūnaha repupirikana pumau, me te tautokona e te whatunga o ngā hononga ki ngā tāone Itari. I taua wā, ko Carthage (kei Āwherika ki te Raki, kei roto i te wāhi e kiia nei ko Tunisia i ēnei rā) he mana moana nui, me ngā koroni me ngā pou hokohoko i Āwherika, Pāniora, Sardinia, Corsica, me te rohe e karapoti ana. I ahu mai te taonga o Carthage i te hokohoko me te mana whakahaere i ngā ara moana, i te mea i tino pai a Rōma i roto i te mana whenua, te whakahaere hōia, me te kaha ki te tango i ngā rohe raupatu mā roto i ngā hononga me te whakauru tōrangapū.
I puta te pakanga tuatahi i te whakataetae mō Sicily—he moutere rautaki e hono ana i a Itari ki Āwherika ki te Raki, ā, he ara hokohoko matua. Nā tēnei whakataetae i ara ake ai te Pakanga Punic Tuatahi, ā, i muri mai ko te Pakanga Punic Tuarua, i rongonui mō Hannibal, ā, i te mutunga, ko te Pakanga Punic Tuatoru, i whakangaro rawa i a Carthage. Nā ēnei pakanga e toru i hanga te "arawhata o te hītori" i whakaara ake i a Rōma ki te tihi o te mana.
1. Te huri i a Rōma hei mana nui o te moana me te emepaea o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa
Ko tētahi o ngā take matua i hira ai ngā Pakanga Punic nā te mea i akiaki a Rōma—i te tīmatanga he whenua—ki te hanga i tētahi ope taua nui. I te Pakanga Punic Tuatahi (264–241 BC), i tūtaki a Rōma ki a Carthage, he ope taua nō ngā rautau o te wheako moana. Hei ārai i tōna hoariri, i hanga e Rōma tētahi ope taua nui, ā, i whakawhanakehia ngā rautaki pērā i te corvus, he piriti eke kaipuke e āhei ai ngā hōia waewae o Rōma ki te whawhai i runga i te papa o tētahi kaipuke me te mea kei uta.
Ehara i te mea he auaha hangarau noa iho tēnei panonitanga, engari he peke ā-rohe. Whai muri i te wikitoria, ka riro i a Rōma a Sicily hei porowini tuatahi i waho o Itari. Koinei te tīmatanga o te hurihanga o Rōma hei emepaea ā-motu, ehara i te mea he mana rohe noa iho. I muri mai, ka haere tonu a Rōma ki te tāpiri porowini, ki te whakawhānui i te taake, ki te whakahaere i te whakahaere o tāwāhi, me te hanga i ngā hanganga hōia me ngā hanganga whakahaere ka waiho hei tohu mō te mana o Rōma.
2. Te Pakanga Tuarua o Punic: ngā akoranga mō te rautaki, te manawanui, me te tōrangapū
Ko te Pakanga Tuarua o Punic (218–201 BC) e kiia ana ko tētahi o ngā pakanga tino whakaharahara o te hītori. I whakahaerehia e te hēnerara o Carthaginian, a Hannibal Barca, tētahi mahi rongonui: te whiti i ngā Maunga Ārepa ki Itari me tētahi ope taua tae atu ki ngā arewhana pakanga. I toa ia i ētahi pakanga nui, tae atu ki a Trebia, te Roto Trasimene, me Cannae—ko tēnei pakanga whakamutunga he tauira matarohia o te karapoti rautaki me te whakangaromanga o tētahi ope taua hoariri.
Engari ko tēnei pakanga tonu i whakaatu i ngā kaha nui o Rōma: te manawanui tōrangapū me te whakaohooho. Ahakoa ngā hinganga maha, kāore a Rōma i hinga. I haere tonu te kimi hōia hou, te pupuri i ngā hononga, me te whakakore i ngā whiriwhiringa hohou rongo kino. I ako anō a Rōma ki te urutau: i karo i te pakanga tuwhera ki a Hannibal, ā, i whiriwhiria he rautaki ngenge (he maha ngā wā e pā ana ki a Fabius Maximus). I te mutunga, i whakautu a Rōma mā te whakaeke i ngā turanga Carthaginian i Pāniora me Āwherika ki te Raki, tae noa ki te hinganga o Hannibal i a Scipio Africanus i Zama.
Ko te hiranga o tēnei pakanga kei roto i te hanga i te āhua tōrangapū o Rōma: he kāwanatanga e kaha ana ki te ora i ngā aituā hōia me te haumi ki te wikitoria mō te wā roa. Nā ēnei akoranga i awe te huarahi i whakatata atu ai a Rōma ki ngā pakanga i muri mai, i Kariki, i Āhia Minor, me te puta noa i Ūropi.
3. Te neke i te taurite ōhanga me te whakatuwhera i ngā ara whakawhānui
Nā te wikitoria o Rōma ki a Carthage i hua mai ai ngā huringa nui ki te ōhanga o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Ahakoa i mua ko Carthage he pokapū hokohoko me te whatunga ōhanga whānui, i kaha ake te mana o Rōma ki ngā tauranga, ki ngā huarahi moana, me ngā rauemi rautaki. I noho a Sicily, Sardinia, me Corsica hei puna nui mō te witi. Ko Spain (Iberia), i raro i te mana o Carthage i mua, i noho hei rohe whai rawa i ngā kohuke me te kaiwhakarato hōia ki Rōma.
Kāore i te pā ki te taonga o te motu anake te pānga, engari ki tōna hanganga pāpori hoki. I tīmata a Rōma ki te whiwhi i te rerenga nui o ngā taonga pahua, ngā pononga, me te whenua, ā, i puta ai ngā huringa ki te ōhanga ahuwhenua. I tupu pai ngā whenua nui (latifundia), i te mea ka nui haere te tukino o ngā kaimahi pāmu iti—he āhuatanga i whai wāhi atu ai ki ngā taupatupatu pāpori me ngā taupatupatu tōrangapū i roto i te repupirita i te wā roa.
Arā, ehara i te mea ko ngā "pakanga ki tāwāhi" anake ngā Pakanga Punic, engari he kaha hoki mō ngā huringa ā-roto i Rōma. Nā rātou i whakateretere te nekehanga o Rōma mai i te repupirikana ahuwhenua ki te mana nui me te ōhanga e hono ana ki tētahi rohe whānui.
4. Te Pakanga Tuatoru o Punic me te karere o te mana katoa
He rerekē te Pakanga Tuatoru o ngā Punic (149–146 BC) i ngā Pakanga e rua o mua. Kua ngoikore a Carthage, engari i whakaaro tonu a Rōma he tūmomo riri pea. Whai muri i te maha o ngā taupatupatu tōrangapū me ngā whakapataritari, ka whakarewahia e Rōma he pakanga hōia i mutu ai ki te whakapaenga me te whakangaromanga o Carthage i te tau 146 BC. I pahuatia te tāone, i tahuna, ā, he tokomaha o ōna kainoho i mate, i hereherea rānei.
Nā tēnei huihuinga i tohu te panonitanga o te waiaro o Rōma mai i te wikitoria noa i ngā pakanga ki te whakakore katoa i ōna hoa whawhai. He kaha te tohu: ko Rōma te mana rangatira i te taha hauauru o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. I te rironga atu o Carthage, ka taea e Rōma te tuku noa i tana whakawhānui ki ngā whenua Kariki o te Rawhiti.
Mai i te tirohanga hītori, e whakaatu ana te Pakanga Tuatoru o Punic me pēhea te arahi o te wehi tōrangapū me te hiahia nui ki ngā whakataunga tino nui. He tauira matarohia tēnei o te whanaungatanga i waenga i te haumarutanga, te whakatairanga, me te kaupapa here ā-iwi kaha.
5. Te awe ahurea me te tuakiri: “Rōma vs Carthage”
I hangaia hoki te tuakiri o Rōma e ngā Pakanga Punic mā roto i ngā kōrero mō te hoariri nui. I kitea a Carthage he hoariri "mōrearea" me te "morearea", i te wā i whakatūria ai a Rōma hei tohu mō te tikanga me te pumau. Nā tēnei kōrero i awe te hītori o Rōma me te pehea i whakatika ai i tōna whānui. I roto i te tukanga, kāore i te mea ko te rohe anake i raupatuhia e Rōma, engari i whakaurua hoki, i whakaritea hoki ngā ahurea kanorau e karapoti ana i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.
I tētahi atu taha, ko Carthage—he pūtake nō Phoenician—he ahurea moana, he ahurea ao whānui hoki e aro ana ki te hokohoko. Ko te pakanga i waenganui i ēnei mana e rua i whakaata i te whakataetae mō ngā rauemi, ngā huarahi hokohoko, me te awe tōrangapū. Nō reira, he mea nui ngā Pakanga Punic hei tauira pumau o te pūtake o ngā pakanga nui i ngā painga ōhanga me te mana tōrangapū.
Whakamutunga
Ko te hiranga o ngā Pakanga Punic kei roto i tōna pānga whānui me te pumau. I hurihia e rātou a Rōma mai i te mana ā-rohe ki te mana Mediterranean, i akiaki i te auahatanga hōia, inā koa i roto i te ope taua, ā, i puta ai ngā huringa pāpori-ōhanga i tere ake ai te huringa o te repupirikana. I whakaatu te Pakanga Punic Tuarua i te manawanui me te urutau o Rōma, ko te Pakanga Punic Tuatoru ia i whakanui i te putanga mai o te kaupapa here mana whakahaere katoa i whakakore i ngā hoa whakataetae. I te mutunga, ehara i te mea ko ngā Pakanga Punic anake te kōrero mō Hannibal me ngā rīhiona, engari he huringa i whakatau i te huarahi o te hītori o te ao tawhito—ā, i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te mana o Rōma ka hanga i te ao mō ngā rautau.
