Te Awe o Rōmana ki te Ture me te Kāwanatanga o ēnei rā
Pendahuluan
E whakaatu ana te hītori kua waiho e te ao Rōmana he tohu hohonu ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao hou, tae atu ki te ture me te kāwanatanga. Ko te Emepaea Rōmana, i mau mai i te rautau 8 BC ki te rautau 5 AD, i waiho he taonga tuku iho nui mō te ao. Nā te whakatinanatanga pūnaha o ngā ture me te hanganga kāwanatanga kua whakaritea, i angitu a Rōma ki te whakatū i tētahi turanga pakari mō te ture me te kāwanatanga i roto i te maha o ngā iwi hou.
Te Ture Rōmana me te Whakatakotoranga Ture
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Rōma ki te ao hou ko tana pūnaha ture. Ko te ture Rōmana, "Ius Romanum" rānei, i hipoki i ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao, ā, koinei te pūtake mō te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha ture i roto i te maha o ngā whenua Pākehā. Ko tētahi tohu nui i roto i te ture Rōmana ko te whakakōwae i te ture Rōmana e te Emepara Justinian I i te rautau 6 AD, e mōhiotia ana ko te Corpus Juris Civilis, "Ture Tangata Whenua" rānei. I roto i tēnei whakakōwae he ture whai hanganga pai, he whānui hoki, e hipoki ana i ngā āhuatanga maha pērā i te ture tangata whenua, te ture taihara, te ture whakahaere, me te ture arumoni.
Nō muri mai ka noho ko te Corpus Juris Civilis hei tūāpapa mō ngā pūnaha ture Pākehā mō ngā rautau, ā, kei te mau tonu tōna mana i ēnei rā. He maha ngā pūnaha ture Pākehā me Amerika Latina kua tango i ngā āhuatanga matua o te ture Rōmana. Inaa, ko ngā kupu ture pēnei i te "contractus" (kirimana), "obligatio" (herenga), "delictum" (delict), me te "ius" (matau) i ahu mai i te reo Latina, ā, kei te whakamahia tonutia i roto i ngā kupu ture o ēnei rā.
Pūnaha Kāwanatanga o Rōma
Haunga te ture, he nui te awe o Rōma ki ngā pūnaha kāwanatanga o ēnei rā. Ko tētahi o ngā mahi auaha nui rawa atu a Rōma i roto i te kāwanatanga ko te ariā o te repupirikana me te manapori māngai. I te tīmatanga o te Repupirikana Rōmana (509–27 BC), i ahu mai te pūnaha kāwanatanga i ngā mātāpono o te manapori māngai, i reira ka whai mana ngā tāngata whenua ki te pōti i ō rātou māngai ki te Runanga Nui me ētahi atu huihuinga.
He tino whai mana te Runanga Nui o Rōma, he rōpū tohutohu i titoa e ngā rangatira me ngā rangatira. He mahi nui tāna i roto i ngā whakataunga a te kāwanatanga, ā, nā tōna tauira i whakaaweawe te maha o ngā pūnaha pāremata hou o te ao. Hei tāpiri, ko te ariā o ngā kaunihera, e mahi ana hei kaiwhakahaere takirua me ngā wā poto, e whakaata ana i te mātāpono o te wehenga mana i whakamahia e te maha o ngā manapori i ēnei rā.
Te Mātāpono o te Mana o te Ture
Ko te kaupapa o te mana o te ture he taonga tuku iho nui nō Rōma, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te kāwanatanga o ēnei rā. I roto i te ture Rōma, ko te ture te mana nui rawa atu e whakahaere ana i te oranga pāpori me te oranga tōrangapū, ā, ko ia tangata, tae atu ki ngā āpiha kāwanatanga, i raro i tēnei kaupapa. E whakaū ana tēnei kaupapa ko te ture te taputapu matua hei whakatutuki i te tika me te pumau o te hapori.
I tēnei ao hou, kua noho te kaupapa o te mana o te ture hei tūāpapa matua mō te manapori me te mana o te ture. Ko tētahi tikanga whakawā motuhake, te mana o te ture, me ngā tika tangata ētahi o ngā āhuatanga i ahu mai i te tikanga ture o Rōma. Ko ngā whenua pēnei i te Hononga o Amerika, te United Kingdom, Tiamana, me te tini ke atu, he nui te awe o tēnei kaupapa ture ki roto i ā rātou kaupapa ture me ngā pūnaha whakawā.
Ngā Mātāpono o te Ture Taiao
I roto i te rapunga whakaaro ture o Rōma, he tino whai mana te ariā o te ture taiao (jus naturale). Ko te ture taiao e pā ana ki tētahi huinga mātāpono matatika e whakaarohia ana he ao whānui, e tika ana hoki mō ngā tāngata katoa, e ahu mai ana i te whakaaro tika me te arorau. Nā ngā tohunga whakaaro o Rōmana pērā i a Cicero i whakawhanake te whakaaro ko te ture taiao he puna ture teitei ake hei ārahi i ngā ture me ngā kaupapa here.
I te wā o te Māramatanga, i noho ēnei mātāpono ture taiao hei pūtake mō ngā rapunga whakaaro ture me ngā kaupapa tōrangapū, ā, i noho hei pūtake mō te ariā mō ngā tika tangata. I tino awehia te Whakapuakitanga Motuhake o te Hononga o Amerika me te Whakapuakitanga Ao mō ngā Tika Tangata e ēnei ariā. Nā te ture taiao i whakarato te pūtake matatika mō te tiaki i ngā tika takitahi me te whakamahi i te tika e tohu ana i te kāwanatanga o ēnei rā.
Te Ariā o te Pūmautanga Ture
I whakaurua mai hoki e ngā Rōmana te ariā o te tino pono o te ture, arā, me mārama, me matapae, me mārama hoki ngā ture. Ko te whāinga o tēnei ariā he whakarato i te tino pono mō ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā pakihi i roto i ā rātou mahi, me te kore e pāngia e te koretake o te ture. I roto i ngā pūnaha ture o ēnei rā, ko te tino pono o te ture he mātāpono nui e tiaki ana i te koretake me te tukino i te mana.
I Ūropi, i whakatinanahia te whakapūmautanga ture mā te whakawhanaketanga o ngā pūnaha ture tuhituhi, te whakakōti ture, me te ariā o te stare decisis (tauira ture). Nā tēnei i whakarato he hanganga me te pumau ki te pūnaha ture, ā, i taea ai e ngā tāngata te mārama ake me te whai i te ture. Mā te whakapūmautanga ture ka noho te pūnaha ture hei taputapu whai hua mō te whakahaere tika i te oranga pāpori me te oranga ōhanga.
Pūnaha Whakahaere me te Pūnaha Tari
I waiho mai hoki e ngā Rōmana he taonga tuku iho kaha i roto i te whakahaere me te mahi tari. I rongonui te Emepaea o Rōmana mō tana pūnaha whakahaere whai hua me te whakarite, e kapi ana i ngā mea katoa mai i te taake me ngā ope taua ki te whakahaere i ngā tāone me ngā kawanatanga. I whakauruhia e ngā Rōmana he kaupapa whakahaere me te wehewehe mahi mārama, e āhei ai tō rātou kāwanatanga kia mau tonu te pumau me te whai hua ahakoa te whakahaere i tētahi rohe whānui.
Ko te pūnaha whakahaere o Rōma he tauira mō ngā kāwanatanga o ēnei rā. He mea nui te hanganga tari whakahaere whai hua, whai whakaritenga hoki mō te whakahaere whai hua me te aro ki ngā kaupapa here a te iwi. He maha ngā whenua, tae atu ki te Hononga o Amerika, ki Ūropi, me Āhia, kua whakamahi i ēnei mātāpono whakahaere i roto i te hanganga o ā rātou hanganga kāwanatanga.
Te Katinga
Ko te awe o Rōma ki te ture me te kāwanatanga o ēnei rā he tohu i te kaha o ngā iwi tawhito ki te whakarato i tētahi taonga tuku iho whai hua e mau tonu ana i ngā tau katoa. Mai i ngā pūnaha ture uaua ki ngā mātāpono o te manapori māngai, mai i te mana o te ture ki te whakahaere whai hua, kei te hanga tonu te taonga tuku iho o Rōma i ngā turanga o ngā pūnaha ture me ngā pūnaha kāwanatanga maha i te ao hou. Mā te mārama me te maioha ki tēnei taonga tuku iho, ka taea e tātou te hanga me te pupuri i ngā pūnaha ture me ngā pūnaha kāwanatanga he tika ake, he whai hua ake, he aro atu hoki ki ngā hiahia o te hapori.
