He Kōrero Katoa mō te Pakanga Matao
Ko te Pakanga Matao tētahi o ngā wā tino whakamīharo, tino uaua hoki o te hītori o ēnei rā. E pā ana te kupu ki te wā o te taupatupatu tōrangapū me te hōia i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, mai i te tau 1947 ki te tau 1991 pea, i waenganui i ngā poraka nui e rua o te ao: ko te Poraka Hauāuru i arahina e te Hononga o Amerika me te Poraka Rawhiti i arahina e te Uniana Sōviete. Ahakoa e kiia ana tēnei taupatupatu he "pakanga," he tino onge te pakanga hōia tika i waenganui i ēnei mana nui e rua. Engari, i uru atu rātou ki ngā momo whakataetae tōrangapū, ōhanga, me te ariā, me te whakataetae patu kaha.
Papamuri Hītori
He hononga tata te pūtake o te Pakanga Matao ki te putanga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. Whai muri i te wikitoria o ngā Hoa Kotahi, i puta te tumanako mō tētahi ao rangimārie. Heoi, i whakaatu wawetia e ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū he rerekē rawa ngā tirohanga a te Uniana Sōviete me te Hononga o Amerika mō te whakahaere i te ao. Ko te Uniana Sōviete, i ahu mai i ngā whakaaro komunisi, i rapu i te horapa o te hapori hei huarahi ki te whakatutuki i tētahi hapori kore akomanga. He rerekē, i tautoko te Hononga o Amerika i te manapori ōhanga me te manapori, me te tautoko i te pūnaha tāpui me ngā tika takitahi.
Ngā Whakaaro Taupatupatu
Ko tēnei rerekētanga whakaaro te pūtake matua o ngā taupatupatu i ara ake. I raro i a Josef Stalin, i kite te Uniana Sōviete i te pūnaha tāke hei tūmomo mōrearea ki te oranga tonutanga o te hapori. I tetahi atu taha, i raro i a Harry S. Truman me ōna uri, i kite te Hononga o Amerika i te kōmiuniti hei tūmomo mōrearea ki te herekoretanga me te manapori. Nā tēnei i ara ake ai te Truman Doctrine o te tau 1947, i whakahau i te Uniana Sōviete ki te aukati i te horapa o te kōmiuniti, e kiia ana ko te "pupuri".
Poraka Whakatū Hononga
I te piki haere o ngā taupatupatu, ka whakatūria e ngā whenua e rua ngā hononga hōia hei momo tiaki i ngā tūmomo riri e kitea ana. I te tau 1949, i whakatūria e te Hononga o Amerika me ētahi whenua o Ūropi ki te Hauāuru te North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Hei ārai i tēnei, i whakatūria e te Uniana Sōviete me ōna hoa whenua o Ūropi ki te Rawhiti te Warsaw Pact i te tau 1955. I noho ēnei hononga e rua hei tohu mō te hohonu haere o ngā wehewehenga i waenganui i ngā poraka o te Hauāuru me te Rawhiti.
Te Reihi Pū me te Wāhi Ātea
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino nui o te Pakanga Matao ko te whakataetae patu, inā koa te whanaketanga o ngā patu karihi. I te tau 1949, i angitu te whakamātautau a te Uniana Sōviete i tana patu patu karihi tuatahi, ā, i mutu ai te mana pupuri karihi o te Hononga o Amerika. Nā tēnei i tīmata ai te whakataetae patu tonu, me te whakataetae a ngā whenua e rua ki te whakawhanake i ngā patu nui ake, kaha ake.
Haunga te whakataetae patu, i tohua hoki te Pakanga Matao e te whakataetae ātea. I hanga hītori te Uniana Sōviete mā te whakarewatanga i te amiorangi tuatahi, a Sputnik 1, i te tau 1957, me te tangata tuatahi ki te ātea, a Yuri Gagarin, i te tau 1961. I whakautu te Hononga o Amerika me te kaupapa Apollo, ā, i mutu ko te taunga tuatahi o te tangata ki te marama i te tau 1969.
Taupatupatu-mā-te-Kaiwhakakapi
Ahakoa kāore he pakanga tika i waenganui i te Hononga o Amerika me te Uniana o Sōviete, i puta pinepine te Pakanga Matao mā roto i ngā pakanga ā-rohe, arā, ngā pakanga i whawhaitia i ētahi atu whenua i tautokona ai e ngā mana nui e rua ngā taha e whakahē ana. Ko ngā tauira rongonui o tēnei ko te Pakanga Kōrea (1950–1953) me te Pakanga o Vietnam (1955–1975). I roto i ēnei pakanga, i tautoko te Hononga o Amerika me te Uniana o Sōviete i ngā rōpū rerekē, me te Hononga o Amerika i tautoko i ngā kāwanatanga kore-komunisiti, me te Uniana o Sōviete i tautoko i ngā nekehanga komunisiti.
Te raruraru me te taumahatanga
I kitea anō hoki te Pakanga Matao i ētahi raruraru nui i tata arahi i te ao ki te pakanga karihi. Ko tētahi o ngā mea rongonui ko te Cuban Missile Crisis o te tau 1962, i reira i whakatūria ai e te Soviet Union ngā missile karihi ki Cuba, 90 maero noa iho te tawhiti mai i te takutai o te Hononga o Amerika. Tata arahi tēnei raruraru ki te pakanga karihi, engari i whakatauhia i te mutunga mā roto i ngā whiriwhiringa i waenganui i te Perehitini o te Hononga o Amerika, a John F. Kennedy, me te kaiārahi o te Soviet Union, a Nikita Khrushchev.
Ngā Huringa o te Kaiārahi me te Kaupapa Here
I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1970 me te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, ka kino anō te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te Hononga o Amerika me te Uniana o Sōviete, me te kaupapa here "Reagan Doctrine" e kaha haere ana te kaha o ngā mahi ki te whakahē i te kōmiuniti. Heoi, i puta he huringa nui i waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1980 i te wā i noho ai a Mikhail Gorbachev hei kaiārahi mō te Uniana o Sōviete. I whakaurua e Gorbachev ngā kaupapa here o te glasnost (tuwheratanga) me te perestroika (whakahoutanga), me te whāinga ki te whakaora anō i te ōhanga Sōviete e kore e mau, me te whakapai ake i ngā whanaungatanga ki te Hauāuru.
Te hinganga o te Uniana Sōviete
He maha ngā pānga pai o ngā kaupapa here whakahou a Gorbachev, engari i whai wāhi anō hoki ki te pakaru o te hanganga tōrangapū me te hanganga ōhanga o te Uniana Sōviete. I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1980 me te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1990, ka tīmata te mana motuhake o ngā whenua o Ūropi ki te Rawhiti i raro i te mana o Sōviete i mua. I te tau 1989, ka hinga te Taiepa o Berlin, he tohu mō te Pakanga Matao me te wehenga i waenganui i te Rawhiti me te Hauāuru. Nā tēnei huihuinga i tohu te mutunga o te Pakanga Matao, ā, i te tau 1991, ka whakakorea mana te Uniana Sōviete, ka mutu te noho o tētahi o ngā mana nui e rua o te ao.
Te Pānga me te Taonga Tuku Iho o te Pakanga Matao
I mahue mai i te Pakanga Matao he pānga nui, he taonga tuku iho matatini hoki puta noa i ngā mara maha. I roto i te horopaki o te ao tōrangapū, i āwhina te Pakanga Matao ki te hanga i te hanganga bipolar i whakahaere i ngā take o te ao mō te tata ki te haurua rautau. Ahakoa ko te unipolarity te tikanga o te pūnaha ao ināianei, ko te Hononga o Amerika anake te mana nui e toe ana, ko ngā taupatupatu me ngā pakanga i puta i te Pakanga Matao kei te awe tonu i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao tae noa mai ki tēnei rā.
I runga i te hangarau, he maha ngā auahatanga i puta mai i te whakataetae hangarau i puta mai i te Pakanga Matao, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi hōia me te ao mokowhiti, e pā tonu ana ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau hou.
I roto i te ao pāpori me te ahurea, i pā te Pakanga Matao ki te oranga o te tini tāngata, i te United States, i te Soviet Union, me ētahi atu whenua. Nā ngā whakatairanga a ngā taha e rua i hanga he āhua kaha o te "hoariri" me te whakaatu i te pakanga hei pakanga i waenganui i te pai me te kino.
Whakamutunga
He wā tino uaua te Pakanga Matao, kī tonu i ngā whakahē. Ahakoa kāore he pakanga hōia tika i waenganui i te Hononga o Amerika me te Uniana Sōviete, i kitea te wā e ngā taumahatanga tino nui me te maha o ngā raruraru i tata ai te ao ki te taha o te pakanga karihi. Ko ngā whakaaro taupatupatu, ngā whakataetae patu me te wāhi, me ngā pakanga whakakapinga ētahi o ngā mea matua i tautuhi i ngā whanaketanga o te Pakanga Matao.
Ahakoa i mutu te pakanga i te whakakorenga o te Uniana Sōviete i te tau 1991, kei te kitea tonu tōna pānga i ēnei rā. Kei te pā tonu ngā hua tōrangapū, ōhanga, me te pāpori o te Pakanga Matao ki te ao, ā, mā ngā akoranga mai i tēnei wā ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga mana o te ao me te hiranga o te kōrero me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i te whakatau i ngā pakanga.
Mā te mārama hōhonu ki te Pakanga Matao, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te uauatanga o ngā whanaungatanga o te ao me te hiranga o te rapu huarahi rangimārie hei whakatau i ngā rerekētanga.
