Te Kōrero mō te Haerenga a Marco Polo ki Haina
Pengantar
He kaihōpara nō Venetia a Marco Polo, i mōhiotia whānuitia mō tana haerenga whakamiharo ki Haina i te rautau 13. Kei roto i te pukapuka "Il Milione," e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko "The Travels of Marco Polo." Ehara i te mea he tirohanga onge ki Āhia i taua wā anake tēnei pukapuka, engari i whakaaweawe hoki i ngā whakatipuranga o ngā kaihōpara, ā, i whakaoho i te whakaaro o te tini i Ūropi mō tētahi ao tawhiti, tauhou hoki.
Papamuri Whānau
I whānau mai a Marco Polo i te tau 1254 i Venice, tētahi o ngā tāone whai mana o Itari. He kaihokohoko angitu tōna whānau, ā, he maha ā rātou haerenga ki te hokohoko. Ko tōna matua tāne, ko Niccolò Polo, me tōna matua kēkē, ko Maffeo Polo, he kaihokohoko i haere ki Āhia, tae atu ki Haina.
I a Marco e tamariki ana, ka wehe atu tōna matua tāne me tōna matua kēkē i tētahi haerenga roa ki Āhia i te tau 1260. I tae rātou ki Haina, ā, ka tūtaki ki a Kublai Khan, te emepara o te whare rangatira o Yuan i taua wā. I tō rātou hokinga mai ki Venice, ko Marco, e 15 noa iho ōna tau i taua wā, i miharo ki ā rāua kōrero mō tētahi ao whānui o te rawhiti e kī ana i ngā taonga me ngā whai wāhitanga.
Te Haerenga ki Haina
I te tau 1271, ka tīmata a Marco Polo i tana haerenga nui ki Haina me tōna matua tāne me tōna matua kēkē. I wehe atu rātou i Venice ka anga atu ki Acre, he tāone tauranga i roto i te whenua o Palestine i ēnei rā. Mai i reira, ka haere rātou ki uta mā Pāhia (ināianei ko Īrāna) me te whakawhiti i ngā whenua uaua o Āhia Waenganui.
E toru tau me te hawhe te roa o tā rātou haerenga, i whiti i ngā arai maha pērā i ngā koraha koraha, ngā maunga teitei, me ngā āhuarangi tino kino. I a rātou e haere ana, i tuhia e Marco Polo ngā kitenga taipitopito o ngā ahurea, ngā whakapono, me ngā hapori rerekē i tūtaki rātou. I whakaratohia e ēnei tuhinga he kōrero tino nui kāore i te tino mōhiotia e te ao Uru i taua wā.
Te taenga ki te Whare Ariki o Kublai Khan
I muri i tā rātou haere i ngā mano maero, ka tae atu rātou ki te kooti o Kublai Khan i Khanbaliq (ko Beijing ināianei) i te tau 1275. I manaaki pai a Kublai Khan i a rātou, ā, i miharo ia ki ngā mātauranga me ngā kōrero i kawea mai e te whānau Polo. Ina hoki, i tino miharo a Kublai Khan ki a Marco Polo, ā, i whakatūria ia hei kaitōrangapū me te māngai pono ki te whakahaere i ngā misioni nui i roto i te emepaea.
I a ia e mahi ana i raro i a Kublai Khan, i whai wāhi a Marco Polo ki te toro atu ki ngā wāhi maha o te emepaea whānui. I haere ia ki ngā wāhi pērā i a Yunnan i te tonga o Haina, Tibet, tae atu pea ki Burma (Myanmar) me Īnia. Nā āna tirohanga matatau ki te whenua, te ōhanga, me te oranga pāpori o ēnei rohe i homai he māramatanga hōhonu ki te ao Hauāuru mō Āhia.
Ko te whakaahua o Haina i roto i te "Il Milione"
I roto i tana pukapuka "Il Milione," ka whakaratohia e Marco Polo he whakaahuatanga tino taipitopito mō Haina me ōna taonga. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te whakamahinga whānui o te moni pepa, he rerekētanga nui ki te pūnaha ōhanga Pākehā o taua wā, i te wā e whakahaerehia tonutia ana e te whakawhitiwhiti moni whakarewa. Ka whakaahuahia hoki e Marco Polo te Tāone Āraia, he whare rangatira whakahīhī i mahi hei pokapū kāwanatanga me te kāinga noho o te emepara.
I tuhia anō hoki e Marco Polo ngā hangarau me ngā auahatanga i tūtaki ia ki Haina, pērā i te paura pū, te kāpehu, me te tā. I whakaahua anō hoki ia i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua matatau, ngā awaawa whakamakuku, me ngā whenua ahuwhenua whai hua. Nā ēnei whakaahuatanga i hoatu he tirohanga hou ki ngā Pākehā mō te ahunga whakamua me te whanaketanga o te iwi Hainamana i taua wā.
Te Oranga Hapori me te Oranga Ahurea
I a ia e noho ana i Haina, i ako anō a Marco Polo mō te ahurea Hainamana whai rawa me te kanorau. I whakaahua ia i tētahi oranga pāpori e ahu mai ana i ngā ture me ngā tikanga matatika a Confucius. Ko ngā kawa me ngā tikanga Hainamana, mai i ngā marena ki ngā hakari, i kitea katoatia i roto i āna tuhinga.
I kite anō a Marco i ngā whakapono kanorau o Haina, tae atu ki te Buddhism, te Taoism, me ngā momo whakapono tuku iho rerekē. I tino miharo ia ki te manawanui whakapono i tautokona e Kublai Khan, nāna i tuku ngā whakapono rerekē kia noho tahi i runga i te rangimārie i raro i tana mana whakahaere.
Te Awe me te Tautohe
I muri i te tata ki te 17 tau o te noho ki Haina, ka whakatau te whānau Polo ki te hoki ki Venice. I hoki rātou ki te kāinga mā te moana, mā roto i ngā rohe pēnei i a Sumatra, Īnia, me Pāhia. Nā tēnei haerenga ki te kāinga i tāpiri atu tētahi atu upoko ki tō rātou kōrero whakamiharo.
I te tau 1295 ka hoki a Marco Polo ki Venice. I muri tata mai i tōna hokinga mai, ka uru ia ki tētahi pakanga i waenganui i a Venice rāua ko Genoa, ā, ka mauheretia ia. I a ia e mauheretia ana i Genoa, ka tūtaki ia ki tētahi kaituhi ko Rustichello da Pisa tōna ingoa. I tīmata tahi rāua ki te tito i tētahi pukapuka mō ngā haerenga a Marco Polo, i mōhiotia ko "Il Milione."
Ahakoa te rongonui o tēnei pukapuka, i puta mai hoki he tautohetohe nui. He tokomaha i Ūropi i ruarua mō te pono o ngā kōrero a Marco Polo. I whakaaro rātou he tino pakiwaitara rawa ngā whakaahuatanga o Haina, kāore e taea te whakapono. Heoi, i te haere o te wā, me te puta ake o te mōhiotanga mō Āhia, he maha ngā kōrero a Marco Polo i kitea he tika, he tino taonga hoki.
Te Taonga Tuku Iho o Marco Polo
He hohonu te taonga tuku iho a Marco Polo, i roto i te hītori o te tūhuratanga me ngā whanaungatanga i waenganui i te Rawhiti me te Hauāuru. Ko tana "Il Milione" i waiho hei tohutoro matua mā ngā kaihōpara pērā i a Christopher Columbus, i hihiri ki te rapu huarahi moana ki Āhia. I tua atu, i homai e ngā tuhipoka a Marco Polo he tirohanga hohonu, he tirohanga hou hoki ki ngā āhuatanga o te oranga i Āhia kāore i te tino mōhiotia e te hunga o te Hauāuru i taua wā.
I āwhina anō hoki āna tuhipoka ki te whakatuwhera i te tatau ki te whakawhitiwhiti ahurea me te mātauranga i waenganui i te ao o te Hauāuru me te ao o te Rawhiti. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, ko te kōrero a Marco Polo te tohu o te manawanui o te tangata, te maia, me te hiahia nui mutunga kore.
I te whānui, ko ngā haerenga a Marco Polo he akoranga mō te hiranga o te māramatanga me te mātauranga ahurea-maha. I whakaaturia e ia ahakoa nō ngā momo papamuri rerekē tātou, ka taea e tātou te ako tetahi i tetahi me te tipu tahi.
Te Katinga
Ehara i te kōrero mōrearea noa iho te kōrero mō te haerenga a Marco Polo ki Haina. He kōrero mō te kitenga me te māramatanga. Mai i Venice ki Haina, hoki mai anō, i honoa e āna haerenga te āputa i waenganui i te Rawhiti me te Hauāuru, me te whakarato i ngā māramatanga hou ki ngā iwi rerekē. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, ko Marco Polo tonu tētahi o ngā kaihōpara whai mana nui o te hītori, ā, kei te whakaaweawe tonu tana kōrero oranga i te iwi o te ao.
