Te Wā o te Koroni i Āhia me ōna Pānga
Ko te Koroni i Āhia tētahi o ngā upoko tino hira o te hītori o te ao hou. Mai i te rautau 16 ki waenganui o te rautau 20, he nui ngā wāhi o Āhia i pāngia e te urunga, te mana whakahaere, me te tukino a ngā mana Pākehā, ā, i muri mai ko Hapani i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. Ehara i te noho hōia noa iho, i te whakawhiti rangatira rānei te Koroni; i hurihia ngā ōhanga, ngā hanganga pāpori, te mātauranga, te ahurea, tae noa ki ngā rohe o ngā iwi e mōhiotia ana e tātou i ēnei rā te āhua o te mārama ki te wā o te Koroni i Āhia, engari ko te mārama ki ngā pūtake o ngā take maha o nāianei: te kore taurite ōhanga, ngā pakanga rohe, ngā tōrangapū tuakiri, me ngā whanaketanga i muri i te mana motuhake.
Te Papamuri o te Putanga Mai o te Koroni i Āhia
I tīmata te ngaru o te koroni Pākehā ki Āhia i te horapa o te moana o ngā Pōtikī me ngā Pāniora i te rautau 15 me te 16. Ko tōna kaupapa matua ka whakarapopototia e ngā "G e toru": Koura (taonga), Kororia (kororia), me te Rongopai (te horapa o te whakapono). Heoi, ko tētahi atu mea nui ko te hiahia o te mākete Pākehā mō ngā taonga Āhia, inā koa ngā mea kakara pērā i te korowha, te natimaka, me te pepa, tae atu ki te hiraka me te tī. I te mea ka uaua, ka nui hoki te utu o ngā huarahi hokohoko whenua ki Āhia, ka rapu ngā Pākehā i ngā huarahi moana tika hei karo i ngā takawaenga me te whakahaere i ngā puna whakaputa.
Nō muri mai, ka puta ake ngā mana koroni o ngā Hōrana me ngā Piritana mā roto i ngā kamupene hokohoko pērā i te VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) me te EIC (East India Company). Ehara i te mea he kaihokohoko noa iho ēnei kamupene; i pupuri rātou i ngā ope taua, i hanga tiriti tōrangapū, i kohi taake, ā, i whawhai anō hoki. I whanake te koroni mai i te hokohoko ki te mana tōrangapū ā-rohe.
Ngā Mana me ngā Rohe o te Koroni
He maha ngā momo koroni i pā ki a Āhia, i runga i te mana koroni me ngā āhuatanga o te rohe.
1. I whakahaerehia e Peretānia Nui ngā rohe nunui pērā i a Īnia (tae atu ki a Pakitāne me Bangladesh o ēnei rā), Burma/Myanmar, Malaya, Hong Kong, ā, he kaha tōna mana i te Moana-a-Kiwa o Pēhia me te whatunga hokohoko whānui.
2. Nā ngā Tatimana i whakahaere ngā moutere (Initonīhia o ēnei rā), ā, i whakatūria he pūnaha ōhanga māra pumau me te whakahaere koroni.
3. I raro i te mana o Parani ngā whenua o Indochina: Vietnam, Laos, me Cambodia.
4. He wāhi nui ā te iwi Pōtikī pērā i a Goa (Īnia), Macau (Haina), East Timor, me Malaka (ahakoa i riro i muri mai).
5. I raro i te mana o Pāniora ngā Philippines tae noa ki te mutunga o te rautau 19 i mua i te whakakapinga e te Hononga o Amerika.
6. I horapa atu a Rūhia mā runga whenua ki Āhia Waenganui, ki Siberia, me te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ā, i hangaia he tauira koroni i rerekē i te koroni moana o Ūropi ki te Hauāuru.
7. I noho a Hapani, mai i te wā o Meiji, hei mana nui i raro i te mana o Korea, o Taiwan, me ētahi wāhanga o Haina, kātahi ka noho ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.
E whakaatu ana tēnei kanorau ehara te koroni i Āhia i te wheako kotahi, engari he whatunga o ngā wheako e honoa ana e te hokohoko o te ao me te whakataetae mana.
Pānga Ōhanga: Whakaurunga Whakahau me te Whakamahi Kino
Ko te pānga tino kitea o te koroni i kitea i roto i ngā huringa ōhanga. He maha ngā rohe o Āhia i whakaurua ki roto i te ōhanga pūtea o te ao hei kaiwhakarato rauemi mata me ngā mākete mō ngā taonga kua oti i te Pākehā. Nā tēnei tauira i hua ake ai he ōhanga tango: i tangohia te taonga mai i ngā koroni hei whakapakari i te ahumahi me te pūtea i roto i ngā whenua koroni.
I ngā wāhi maha, i puta ake ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua nui—te tō, te kawhe, te tī, te rapa, te miro, me te opium—ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakakapi i te ahuwhenua oranga. Hei tauira, i Indonesia, ko ngā kaupapa here pēnei i te whakatipu ā-ture i te rautau 19 i akiaki i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakatipu i ngā taonga kaweake. I Īnia, i ngoikore te ahumahi kakahu ā-rohe nā ngā kaupapa here hokohoko koroni i tautoko i ngā hua wheketere o Peretānia. Nō reira, i pāngia ētahi wāhanga o te rohe e te kore ahumahi, te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kaweake, me te ngoikore ki ngā raruraru utu o te ao.
Heoi anō, i kawea mai anō hoki e te koroni ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā tauranga, ngā rēriwe, ngā rori, me ngā raina waea. He mea nui kia mōhio ko ēnei whanaketanga i hangaia mō ngā kaupapa tango taonga: te kawe taonga mai i ngā wāhi whakaputa ki ngā tauranga, kaua mō te tohatoha tika o te taonga. He rerekē te pānga ki ngā hapori o te rohe: i puta te whakahoutanga ā-tinana, engari i te nuinga o te wā ka riro ngā painga ōhanga ki ngā rangatira o te rohe, ki ngā kamupene o tāwāhi rānei.
Pānga Hapori: Te Whakarōpūtanga Hou me te Nekenekehanga
I tino hurihia te hanganga pāpori o Āhia e te Koroni. He maha ngā kāwanatanga koroni i whakatinana i ngā whakarōpūtanga iwi me ngā iwi taketake i pā ki te urunga ki te mātauranga, ki te mahi, me te ture. I ētahi wāhi, i whakawhiwhia ētahi rōpū ki ngā tūranga ōhanga motuhake—hei tauira, hei takawaenga—ā, i muri mai ka hua ake he raruraru pāpori mō te wā roa.
I akiakihia hoki e te koroni te noho tāone: i tere te tipu o ngā tāone tauranga me ngā pokapū whakahaere. I taua wā, i puta te tukino mahi mā te mahi takoha, ngā kirimana mahi here, me te hekenga nui. Ko te rerenga mai o ngā kaimahi mai i Īnia me Haina ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia—mō ngā māra me te keri maina—i hanga he momo āhuahanga taupori matatini e whai pānga tonu ana ki ngā kaupapa here tuakiri o ēnei rā.
Pānga Tōrangapū: Te Tari Whakahaere o ēnei rā me ngā purapura o te Whakahauhau ā-Motu
I roto i te ao tōrangapū, nā te koroni i whakauru mai te tauira kāwanatanga hou: he tari whakahaere pokapū, he tatauranga taupori, he pūnaha taake, me te ture tuhituhi. Ahakoa he maha ngā wā ka pehi, i muri mai ka noho ēnei hanganga hei tūāpapa mō ngā kāwanatanga whai muri i te koroni. I ētahi rohe, i whakamahia e te koroni he pūnaha wehewehe-me-te-ture mā roto i ngā rangatira ā-rohe, ngā kingitanga, ngā rangatira tuku iho rānei, ā, nā reira ka ngoikore te ātete ā-rōpū.
He mea whakamīharo, nā te koroni i ara ake ai te mana motuhake o ēnei rā. Nā te mātauranga koroni i hua ake ai he akomanga mātau e mōhio ana ki ngā ariā o te mana motuhake, te mana hapori, me te mana motuhake. I tupu te hunga pāpāho, ngā whakahaere pāpori, me ngā rōpū tōrangapū. I puta mai ngā momo kaupapa maha: te Indian National Congress, te kaupapa mana motuhake o Indonesia, te mana motuhake o Vietnam, tae noa ki te hurihanga Hainamana, i whakakahangia hoki e te pēhanga emepaea o tāwāhi. Nā tēnei mana motuhake i ara ake ai tētahi ngaru nui o te mana motuhake i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.
Ngā Pānga Ahurea me te Mātauranga: Te Ranunga me te Ngaronga
I awe te koroni i te reo, te mātauranga, te whakapono, me ngā tirohanga a te hapori. I ētahi koroni, i riro te reo o te kainoho hei reo whakahaere me te mātauranga teitei. Nā tēnei i whakatuwhera te urunga ki te pūtaiao hou, engari i te wā kotahi i arahi ki te whakatarewatanga o ngā reo ā-rohe me ngā tikanga hinengaro.
He maha ngā wā i whiriwhiria ai te mātauranga koroni: te whakaputa i ngā āpiha iti hei tautoko i te whakahaere, kaua ki te hanga i te kaha o te hapori whānui. I roto i te ao ahurea, i reira te whakakotahitanga—he ranunga o ngā momo hoahoanga, ngā tuhinga, me ngā tikanga—engari i reira anō te pirau: te tahae i ngā taonga tuku iho, te kore aro ki ngā taonga tuku iho o te rohe, me te whakatinanatanga o ngā uara motuhake.
Te Pānga o ngā Rohe ā-Motu me te Pakanga
Ko tētahi o ngā taonga tuku iho tino uaua ko te hanganga o ngā rohe. He maha ngā rohe hou i Āhia i ahu mai i ngā whiriwhiringa koroni i kore ai e whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga o te iwi, te reo, me te hītori o te rohe. Nā tēnei i whai wāhi ai ki ngā pakanga tonu: ngā tautohe rohe, te wehewehe, ngā pakanga tuakiri rānei. Hei tauira, ko te wehewehenga o Īnia me Pakitāne i te tau 1947 e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te nekehanga mai i te koroni ki te mana motuhake ka taea te whakaoho i te hekenga nui me te tutu ā-hapori.
Whakamutunga
I mahue mai i te wā o te koroni i Āhia he taonga tuku iho nui, matatini hoki. I kawea mai e ia he huringa ōhanga mā te whakauru kaha ki ngā mākete o te ao, i hangaia he hanganga pāpori hou, he uaua i ētahi wā, ā, i whakaurua mai hoki ngā umanga tōrangapū hou i muri mai i tangohia e ngā whenua whai muri i te koroni. I taua wā anō, i arahina e te koroni te whakamahinga rauemi, te kore taurite, te whakahekenga ahurea, me ngā pakanga rohe, ā, kei te kitea tonu ngā pānga o ēnei mea i ēnei rā. Ko te mārama ki te koroni ehara i te mea ko te mauhere i roto i te hītori, engari ko te mārama ki ngā pūtake o ngā raruraru hou o Āhia me te hanga i tētahi heke mai tika ake—me te mōhiotanga hītori hei turanga.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri atu i ētahi tauira motuhake mō ia whenua (hei tauira, Initonīhia, Īnia, Whitināmu, Philippines) me te tāpiri atu rānei i tētahi rārangi pukapuka poto kia mārama ake ai te tuhinga.
