Te Mutunga o te Apartheid i Āwherika ki te Tonga: Mai i te Whakatoi ki te Herekoretanga
Pendahuluan
Ko te kupu "Apartheid" he kupu nō te reo Āwherika, ko tōna tikanga he "wehenga". E pā ana ki te pūnaha tōrangapū me te pūnaha pāpori i whakatinanahia i Āwherika ki te Tonga mai i te tau 1948 ki te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1990, i tautoko mana i te wehewehe iwi me te whakahāwea i te nuinga o te hunga Mangu. Kāore i te whakawhāiti noa i ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga me te pāpori mō ngā tāngata Mangu te "apartheid", engari i pupuri anō hoki i ngā mana nui mō te hunga mā. E tirohia ana e tēnei tuhinga te haerenga roa me te uaua ki te mutunga o te "apartheid" me ngā pakanga toa i mahia e te tini o ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū i Āwherika ki te Tonga.
He Hītori Poto o te Whakahāweatanga
I tīmata mana te whakahāwea i te wā i toa ai te Rōpū National, i raro i te kaiārahi a D.F. Malan, i ngā pōtitanga o Āwherika ki te Tonga i te tau 1948. Nā ngā kaupapa here whakahāwea i tino wehewehea te iwi i runga i te iwi. I whakawhiwhia te iwi Pākehā ki ngā mana nui ake, ko te iwi Mangu, Āhia, me te iwi whakauru i raro i te tirotiro tino kaha.
Nā ngā ture whakahāwea i whakatakoto he here tino kaha ki ngā wāhi noho, mahi, me ngā wāhi noho o te tangata. I tino herea te urunga atu ki te mātauranga, te hauora, me ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga mō te hunga ehara i te Pākehā. Ko ngā "Bantustans," arā, ngā whenua kāinga, i rāhuitia mō te hunga Mangu, arā, ngā whenua rāhui i akiakihia ai rātou ki te noho me te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga kino.
Kua roa te ātete ki te whakahāwea iwi, engari ko te whakautu a te kāwanatanga whakahāwea iwi mā te whakamahi i ngā mahi pehi pērā i te pupuri me te kore whakawākanga, te whakamamae, tae noa ki te kōhuru i te hunga i kiia he tūkino.
Ngā Tino Hira i roto i te Ātete
Ko Nelson Mandela te tangata rongonui i roto i te ātete ki te whakahāwea iwi. I whānau mai a Mandela i te tau 1918, i tipu ake ia i roto i te taiao kī tonu i te hē me te uaua. I muri i tana whakaoti i tana mātauranga, ka noho a Mandela hei rōia, ā, ka uru atu ki te African National Congress (ANC), he whakahaere i whakatapua ki te whawhai ki te whakahāwea iwi me te whawhai mō ngā tika tangata.
He mahi nui tā Mandela i roto i te whakarite i te kaupapa ātete ki te whakahāwea iwi. I te tau 1961, whai muri i ngā tau maha o ngā mahi rangimārie me ngā whakahē i kore ai he hua, ka whakatūria e Mandela me ētahi atu rangatira o te ANC he parirau hōia ko Umkhonto we Sizwe (Tao o te Motu), ā, ka tīmata te whakakorekore i ngā hanganga o te kāwanatanga whakahāwea iwi.
I te tau 1962, i hopukina a Mandela, ā, i whiua ki te whare herehere mō te ora i te whakawakanga o Rivonia i te tau 1964. He wā hurihanga tēnei i roto i te hītori o te ātete ki te whakahāwea iwi, i te mea ka noho a Mandela hei tohu ā-ao mō te pakanga mō te herekoretanga me te tika.
Te Pēhanga ā-roto me te Pēhanga ā-waho
I roto i ngā tau, ka kaha haere ngā pēhanga ā-roto, ā-waho hoki. I roto i te motu, i haere tonu ngā rōpū ātete, tae atu ki te ANC, te Rōpū Kōmiuniti o Āwherika ki te Tonga, me te Runanga o ngā Uniana Hokohoko o Āwherika ki te Tonga, ki te whakarite i ngā whakahē me ngā porotēhi ahakoa te tukino nanakia.
I taua wā anō, ka tīmata te ao whānui ki te whakamahi i te pēhanga nui ki te kāwanatanga whakahāwea iwi. He maha ngā whenua me ngā whakahaere o te ao i whakatakoto i ngā whiu ōhanga, ngā whakahē, me ngā aukati ki Āwherika ki te Tonga. I paahitia e te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua o te Ao (UN) ngā whakataunga e whakahē ana i ngā kaupapa here whakahāwea iwi, ā, i te tau 1973 i kīia ai te whakahāwea iwi he hara ki te tangata.
He wā nui haere te ātete i ngā tau 1980. I nui haere, i kaha haere hoki ngā whakakeke i ngā tāone me ngā kāinga o Āwherika ki te Tonga. I haere tonu ngā whakaaturanga me ngā pakanga a ngā rangatahi me ngā ākonga i ārahi i te whakakeke o Soweto i te tau 1976 ki ngā ope haumaru.
Te Wā o te Whakahoutanga me te Herekoretanga
I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, i roto te ōhanga o Āwherika ki te Tonga i te tino raruraru nā ngā whiu a te ao me te mau tonu o ngā raruraru ā-roto. I ngana te Perehitini Pieter Willem Botha ki ētahi whakarerekētanga, engari kāore i ranea ēnei hei whakamama i ngā taupatupatu. I te tau 1989, i whakakapi a F.W. de Klerk i a Botha hei Perehitini, ā, i tīmata i tētahi huarahi whakarerekētanga nui ake.
I te tau 1990, i roto i tētahi nekehanga nui whakaharahara, i whakapuakina e de Klerk te tukunga o Nelson Mandela i muri i ngā tau 27 i roto i te whare herehere, ā, i whakakorea hoki te aukati i te ANC me ētahi atu whakahaere ātete. Nā tēnei i ara ake ai tētahi tukanga kōrero me te whiriwhiringa i waenganui i te kāwanatanga whakahāwea iwi me ngā māngai o te nuinga o te hunga mangu.
Whai muri i ngā whiriwhiringa roa, uaua hoki, i tū te pōtitanga tuatahi a Āwherika ki te Tonga mō ngā iwi maha i te marama o Āperira 1994. I pōtitia a Nelson Mandela hei Perehitini mangu tuatahi mō Āwherika ki te Tonga, ā, i mutu mana te whakahāwea iwi.
Te Pānga me te Taonga Tuku Iho o te Apartheid
Nā te mutunga o te whakahāwea iwi i hua mai ai ngā huringa nui ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori me ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū o Āwherika ki te Tonga. Heoi, kei te mau tonu tōna taonga tuku iho i tēnei rā i roto i te ahua o te kore taurite ōhanga, ngā rerekētanga mātauranga, me ngā taupatupatu iwi.
Heoi, ko te whakatutukitanga nui rawa atu ko te whakawhiti rangimārie mai i te kāwanatanga pehi ki te manapori, e whakaatahia ana i roto i te kaupapa ture ahu whakamua o Āwherika ki te Tonga e whakamana ana i ngā tika tangata mō ōna tāngata katoa.
Nā te pakanga ki te whakahāwea iwi i whakaaweawe, ehara i te mea ko ngā tāngata o Āwherika ki te Tonga anake, engari ko te hapori o te ao anō hoki, mō te hiranga o te tika pāpori, te ōritetanga me te tangata.
Whakamutunga
Ko te mutunga o te whakahāwea iwi i Āwherika ki te Tonga he kōrero mō te maia, te manawanui, me te patunga tapu. Mai i te ātete pakari o te hunga i whakakahore ki te tuku i te hē ki te pēhanga tonu o te ao, he maha ngā āhuatanga i whai wāhi ki te hinganga o tētahi o ngā pūnaha tukino iwi tino nanakia o te rautau 20.
Ko Nelson Mandela me te tini o ngā toa kāore pea ō rātou ingoa e mōhiotia ana e te ao, he uaua, he wero hoki te pakanga mō te herekoretanga, engari i te mutunga, ka taea e te tika me te tangata te wikitoria. I ēnei rā, ko Āwherika ki te Tonga te tauira e whakaatu ana ka taea te huri, ā, ahakoa ngā pūnaha tino pehi, ka taea te huri mā te hiahia o te tangata mō te herekoretanga me te mana.
