Ngā Tātai mō te Kaha Kume, te Kaha Waku, me te Whakaterenga
Ko te ahupūngao he peka pūtaiao e ako ana i te ao whānui me ngā mea katoa i roto, tae atu ki ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā mea. Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o te ahupūngao ko te kaha, ka taea te tautuhi hei pana, hei kukume rānei e puta ai he huringa ki te āhua o tētahi mea. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e tātou ngā momo kaha e toru e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i te oranga o ia rā: te kukume, te waku, me te whakaterenga.
Te Kaha Tōia
Ko te kaha kukume he kaha e kukume ana i tētahi mea ki tētahi pūtake. Ka puta mai tēnei kaha i ngā pūtake maha, tae atu ki te kaha ā-papa, te kaha aukume, me te kaha kume o te puna.
1. Te Kaha Ā-Toi
Ko te kaha ā-papatipu te kaha kukume e puta ana i waenganui i ngā papatipu e rua. Mā tēnei kaha ka taka ngā mea ki te whenua, ka noho tonu hoki ngā aorangi ki ō rātou porowhita. Nā Tā Isaac Newton i tito te tātai mō te kaha ā-papatipu penei:
\[
F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}
\]
Kei hea:
– Ko te kaha ā-papatipu te \( F \),
– Ko te pūmau ā-papatipu ā-ao a \( G \) (\(6.67430 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{Nm}^2/\text{kg}^2\)),
– Ko \( m_1 \) me \( m_2 \) ngā papatipu o ngā mea e rua,
– Ko te \( r \) te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā pokapū papatipu o ngā mea e rua.
2. Te Kaha Aukume
Ko te kaha aukume te kaha kukume, te pana rānei e puta ana i waenga i ngā aukume, i waenga rānei i tētahi aukume me tētahi mea kei roto he rauemi aukume. Kāore he tātai whānui o tēnei kaha pērā i te kaha ā-papa, nā te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te kaha o te aukume me te tawhiti i waenga i ngā aukume.
3. Te Kaha Kume o te Puna
Ko te kaha kume o te puna ko te kaha e puta mai ana i te puna ina totorohia, ina pēhia rānei. E hangai ana tēnei kaha ki te Ture a Hooke, e kī ana ko te kaha e hiahiatia ana hei totoro, hei pēhi rānei i te puna he rite ki te huringa o tōna roa. Ko te tātai mō te kaha kume o te puna ko:
\[
F = kx
\]
Kei hea:
– Ko te kaha kume o te puna ko \( F \),
– Ko te pūmau puna te \( k \),
– Ko te \( x \) te panonitanga o te roa o te puna.
Te Kaha o te Waku
Ko te waku he kaha e mahi ana ki te whakahē i te nekehanga whanaunga i waenga i ngā mata e rua e pā ana. He mea nui tēnei kaha i roto i te oranga o ia rā, nā te mea ka pā ki te whai huatanga me te mahinga o ngā mahi me ngā taputapu. E rua ngā momo matua o te waku: te waku pumau me te waku nekeneke.
1. Te Kaha Waku Pūmau
Ko te waku pumau te kaha e aukati ana i ngā mata e rua kia neke tetahi ki tetahi. Ka mahi tēnei kaha tae noa ki tētahi wāhi i mua i te tīmatanga o te neke o ngā mea. Ka taea te whakatakoto i te kaha waku pumau mōrahi penei:
\[
f_s \leq \mu_s N
\]
Kei hea:
– Ko te kaha waku pumau te \( f_s \),
– Ko te tauwehenga o te waku pumau ko \( \mu_s \),
– Ko te kaha noa (te kaha e mahi poutū ana ki te mata pa) ko \( N \).
2. Te Kaha Waku Kinetic
Ko te waku nekeneke te kaha e mahi ana ki te nekehanga whanaunga i waenga i ngā mata e rua e neke ana. Ka taea te whakatakoto i te rahi o te kaha waku nekeneke penei:
\[
f_k = \mu_k N
\]
Kei hea:
– Ko te kaha waku nekeneke te \( f_k \),
– Ko te tauwehenga o te waku nekeneke te \( \mu_k \),
– Ko te kaha noa ko \( N \).
Whakaterenga
Ko te whakateretere te huringa o te tere o tētahi mea i roto i te wā. Ka puta te whakateretere ina pā te kaha ki tētahi mea. E ai ki te Ture Tuarua o Newton, ka taea te whakatakoto i te whakateretere penei:
\[
a = \frac{F}{m}
\]
Kei hea:
– Ko te whakaterenga te \( a \),
– Ko te kaha kupenga e pā ana ki te mea \( F \),
– Ko te papatipu o te mea ko \( m \).
Ka taea hoki te whakateretere i te mea he rerekē te ahunga o te nekehanga ahakoa kei te pumau tonu te tere o te mea. He maha ngā wā ka puta tēnei i roto i te nekehanga porowhita, e hiahiatia ana te whakateretere ā-pokapū hei pupuri i te mea i roto i te ara porowhita. Ko te tātai mō te whakateretere ā-pokapū ko:
\[
a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}
\]
Kei hea:
– Ko te whakaterenga pūrua te \( a_c \),
– Ko te tere rārangi o te mea ko \( v \),
– Ko te \( r \) te pūtoro o te ara porowhita.
Ngā Taupānga i roto i te Oranga o Ia Rā
1. Te Kaha Kume
Ko te kaha ā-papa tētahi o ngā kaha e pā ana ki a tātou i ia rā, i ia rā. Hei tauira, ina peke tātou, ka hoki tātou ki te whenua nā te mea ka tōia tātou e te kaha ā-papa o Papatūānuku ki raro. He maha hoki ngā wā ka kitea te kaha o te puna i roto i ngā momo taputapu, pērā i te tauine puna me ngā whakatārewatanga waka.
2. Te Kaha Waku
He mea nui te waku i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Ki te kore, e kore e taea e tātou te hikoi, te taraiwa rānei, nā te mea kāore e mau te mau o ō tātou waewae, o ō tātou potae waka rānei ki te whenua, ki te rori rānei. He mea nui anō hoki te waku i roto i te aukati waka.
3. Te whakaterenga
Ka kitea te tere o te waka ina tīmata tātou te hikoi, te oma, te taraiwa rānei. Ina pēhia te pēhi hau i roto i te motuka, ka tere ake te waka. I tetahi atu taha, ina pēhia te pēhi parai, ka heke te tere o te motuka (ka tere kino).
Whakamutunga
Ko te mārama ki ngā ariā o te kukume, te waku, me te whakaterenga he tūāpapa nui o te ahupūngao, ā, ka āwhina i a tātou ki te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga maha o ia rā. Ko ngā kaha kukume pērā i te kaha ā-papa me te kaha puna, te waku, te pūmau me te nekeneke, me te whakaterenga, e ai ki ngā Ture a Newton, he mea nui katoa i roto i ngā mahi me ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana e tātou i ia rā. Mā te mārama ki ēnei tauira me ngā mātāpono taketake, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake me te whakamahi i te mātauranga ahupūngao ki ō tātou oranga o ia rā.
