Tauhohenga Wehewehe: Tikanga, Ngā Whakamahinga, me Ngā Pānga
Pendahuluan
Ko te tauhohenga wehenga he tukanga karihi e uru ana ki te wehenga o te karihi ngota nui ki ngā karihi iti ake, me te tukunga o te pūngao nui. Ko tēnei tikanga te pūtake mō ngā tono maha i roto i te pūngao, te rongoā, me te ope taua. Ka ruku hohonu ake tēnei tuhinga ki te tikanga o ngā tauhohenga wehenga, ōna tono mahi maha, me ōna pānga me ōna tikanga.
Tikanga Tauhohenga Wehewehe
Ko ngā tauhohenga wehenga ka puta i roto i ngā huānga taumaha, pērā i te uranium-235, te plutonium-239 rānei. Ina mimitihia he niutron e te karihi ngota taumaha, ka noho pūmau, ka wehea kia rua ngā karihi māmā ake, ko ētahi he niutron kore utu, me te pūngao i roto i te āhua o te irahiko me te wera. Ka taea te whakaahua i te whārite whānui mō te tauhohenga wehenga penei:
\[ ^{235}_{92}U + n \rightarrow ^{141}_{56}Ba + ^{92}_{36}Kr + 3n + \text{pūngao} \]
I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka taea e ngā neutron te whakaputa te whakaoho i te wehenga atu i roto i ētahi atu karihi ngota taumaha, ka hua ake he tauhohenga mekameka. Koinei te tikanga matua e mahi ai ngā tauhohenga karihi me ngā patu karihi.
Pūngao i roto i ngā Tauhohenga Wehewehenga
Ko te pūtake matua o te pūngao i roto i te tauhohenga wehenga i ahu mai i te hurihanga o tētahi wāhanga o te papatipu karihi hei pūngao, e ai ki te whārite a Einstein \( E = mc^2 \). Ka taea e te pūngao e tukuna ana te eke ki ētahi MeV (megaelectronvolts) mō ia huihuinga wehenga kotahi. He nui ake tēnei i te pūngao e tukuna ana mō ia tauhohenga matū noa, i te nuinga o te wā he iti noa ngā eV (electronvolts) e tukuna ana.
Ngā tono tauhohenga wehenga
1. Te Whare Mana Kariki
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tino nui o ngā tauhohenga wehenga ko te whakaputanga mana karihi. I roto i te tauhohenga wehenga, ka whakamahia te pūngao i puta mai i te wehenga karihi hei whakamahana i te wai, hei whakaputa mamaoa, kātahi ka taraiwa i te tāpine e whakaputa hiko ana. He maha ngā wāhanga matua o ēnei tauhohenga, tae atu ki te wahie karihi (uranium, plutonium rānei), he kaiwhakahaere niutron, me ngā tokotoko whakahaere.
He maha ngā painga o ngā tipu hiko karihi, tae atu ki te ātete ki ngā piki me ngā heke o ngā utu wahie pūmua, te iti o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, me te tino pai o te mahi. Heoi anō, he nui anō ngā wero kei roto, tae atu ki te whakahaere para irahiko me te mōrearea o te pakaru o te tauhohenga.
2. Ngā Patu Nuclear
Ko ngā tauhohenga wehenga te pūtake o te whanaketanga o ngā patu karihi, pērā i ngā poma atomika. I roto i ēnei patu, ka puta he tauhohenga mekameka wehenga nui i roto i te wā poto rawa, ka hua ake he pahūtanga me te mana whakangaro tino whakaharahara. I kitea tuatahitia tēnei pānga whakangaro i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao me ngā pahūtanga o Hiroshima me Nagasaki e te Hononga o Amerika.
Ko te whanaketanga, te wātea, me te horapa o ngā patu karihi ka ara ake ngā take matatika me ngā take tōrangapū uaua. Ko ngā mahi a te ao mā roto i ngā whakaaetanga pēnei i te Kore-Whakaputa Pūnaha (NPT) e whai ana ki te aukati i te horapa haere me te whakatairanga i te whakakorenga o ngā patu karihi.
3. Ngā tono hauora
Ahakoa kāore i te tino mōhiotia whānuitia, he whakamahinga anō hoki ngā tauhohenga wehenga i roto i te rongoā, inā koa i roto i te hanga i ngā isotope radioactive mō te tātaritanga me te rongoā. Hei tauira, ko te isotope technetium-99m, i hangaia e te wehenga o te uranium-235, e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakaahua positron emission tomography (PET) hei kite i ngā momo mate hauora.
Mā te whakaputanga o ngā isotopes radioactive mā roto i ngā tauhohenga wehenga ka taea te kite wawe me te rongoā whai hua ake mō ngā mate pēnei i te mate pukupuku, te mate ngakau, me te mate tairoi.
Pānga me ngā Whakatairanga
1. Para Irahiko
Ko tētahi o ngā raruraru nui e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā tauhohenga wehenga ko te whakahaere i ngā para irahiko ka puta mai. Kei roto i tēnei para ngā isotope irahiko me ngā haurua-ora rerekē, mai i ētahi tau ki ngā miriona tau. Ko te penapena haumaru i ngā para irahiko me whai hangarau motuhake me ngā kaupapa here mō te wā roa hei tiaki i te tangata me te taiao.
2. Ngā Mōrearea Haumarutanga
Ka taea e ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā pūnaha i roto i ngā tauhohenga karihi te arahi ki ngā aituā kino, pērā i ngā mea i puta i te aituā Chernobyl i te tau 1986 me Fukushima i te tau 2011. Kei roto i ēnei mōrearea ko ngā tukunga nui o te irahiko ka pā kino ki te hauora me te taiao.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te horapa haere o te hangarau karihi mō ngā kaupapa hōia ka whakapiki ake i ngā mōrearea o te ao e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā patu karihi, e ngā kāwanatanga me ngā rōpū ehara i te kāwanatanga.
3. Pānga ki te Taiao
Ahakoa kāore ngā tauhohenga wehenga e whakaputa i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi i te wā e mahi noa ana, he pānga ki te taiao ngā tukanga keri uranium, te whakarei ake, me te whakaputa wahie. Kei te whakawhanakehia ngā hangarau tauhohenga hou ake, pai ake, me te haumaru ake hei whakaiti i ēnei pānga kino.
Te Anamata o ngā Tauhohenga Wehewehe
He mea nui te whanaketanga hangarau me te rangahau tonu ki te tūhura i te pūmanawa katoa me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea o ngā tauhohenga wehenga. Ko tētahi wāhanga whai hua ko te whakawhanaketanga o ngā tauhohenga whakatupuranga tuawhā i hangaia hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te wahie, hei whakaiti i te whakaputanga para, me te whakarei ake i ngā pūnaha haumaru.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te whakauru i te pūngao karihi ki ngā pūtake pūngao hou ka āwhina i te aro atu ki ngā wero o te huringa āhuarangi me te pikinga o te hiahia mō te pūngao o te ao. He wāhanga rangahau whakahihiri hoki ngā kaupapa hanumi karihi, ahakoa kei te tūtaki tonu ki ngā wero hangarau nui i mua i te whakatinanatanga arumoni.
Whakamutunga
He nui ngā pānga o ngā tauhohenga wehenga ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga tangata, mai i te tuku pūngao ki ngā tono hauora me te tiaki whenua. Ahakoa he nui ngā painga, me aro tonu me ngā otinga ki ngā wero e pā ana ki te haumaru, te whakahaere para, me te pānga ki te taiao. Mā te huarahi haepapa me te auaha anake ka taea e te hapori o te ao te whakamahi i te pūmanawa katoa o te hangarau wehenga karihi hei painga mō te katoa.
