He Aratohu mō te Hanga Reo Irirangi mā te Whakamahi i tētahi Arahiko Māmā
Ko te reo irirangi tētahi o ngā taputapu hiko tino whakamīharo hei ako nā te mea e whakakotahi ana i ngā ariā taketake o te hiko, ngā ngaru hikohiko, me ngā wāhanga māmā, e wātea ana. Ahakoa he tokomaha te hunga e tahuri ana ki te rere oro, he kaupapa ngahau, he kaupapa mātauranga, he kaupapa whai hua hoki te hanga i tāu ake reo irirangi hei mārama ki te mahi a te whiwhinga tohu. I roto i tēnei aratohu, ka hipokina e mātou te hanga i tētahi reo irirangi māmā—ko te momo tino noa mō te hunga tīmata ko tētahi reo irirangi AM māmā (reo irirangi karaihe/reo irirangi diode) he putanga rānei me te whakakaha mō te tangi pai ake. Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga ki ngā ara iahiko māmā, utu-pai e tika ana mō te whakamahi kāinga.
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1. Ngā Mātāpono Taketake mō te Mahi a te Reo Irirangi Māmā
Ko te mahi a ngā reo irirangi mā te hopu i ngā ngaru reo irirangi mai i tētahi tuku (teihana reo irirangi) ka huri i aua ngaru hei tohu oro ka rangona mā roto i ngā taringa, mā roto rānei i ngā kaikorero. I roto i tētahi reo irirangi māmā (ina koa he reo irirangi AM), he maha ngā mahi taketake:
1. Ka hopukina e te pūihi ngā ngaru reo irirangi mai i te rangi.
2. Ka tīpakohia e te ara iahiko whakahāngai he auau motuhake kia taea ai e tātou te "maukati" ki tētahi teihana.
3. Ka wehea te tohu oro mai i tōna ngaru kawe e te pūoko/whakakore oro.
4. Ka hurihia e ngā whakawhiti oro (taringa/kaikōrero) ngā tohu hiko hei oro.
Ka taea e ngā reo irirangi karaihe tawhito te mahi ahakoa kāore he pākahiko, nā te mea he nui te kaha o te tohu reo irirangi i hopukina hei whakahaere i ngā taringa taringa-teitei. Heoi, he iti te tangi e puta mai ana, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha o te tohu me te kounga o te pūihi.
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2. Ngā Utauta me ngā Wāhanga e Hiahiatia ana
Ko ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei ka whakamahia hei hanga i tētahi reo irirangi AM māmā:
Ngā wāhanga matua
– He waea enamel (waea aukume) hei hanga koiri, hei tauira, he whānui 0,2–0,5 mm.
– He kōwhiringa te tokotoko Ferrite engari he tino āwhina hei whakapakari i te whiwhinga AM.
– Pūnga iahiko rerekē 100–365 pF (nō ngā reo irirangi kua whakamahia te nuinga o te wā).
– He taiode germanium (hei tauira, 1N34A) he taiode kite rānei. He pai ake ngā taiode germanium mō ngā reo irirangi māmā nā te mea he iti te hekenga ngaohiko.
– Ngā taringaoro ātete teitei (hei tauira, ngā taringaoro karaihe/ngā taringaoro piezo) kia māmā ake ai te rangona o te oro, me te kore he whakakaha oro.
– Taura pūihi (he pai ake te taura 5–20 mita te roa).
– Te taura whenua ki te whenua (hei tauira, he paipa whakarewa, he whenua hiko tika, he pou whenua rānei).
Ngā taputapu mahi
– He rino tūhono me te rino tūhono (he kōwhiringa mēnā he papa parāoa, he topenga araikara rānei te whakamahinga).
– He kūmau tapahi, he taputapu tapahi, he taputapu whakamahana hiko.
– Mita maha (kāore e hiahiatia, hei tirotiro i ngā hononga).
Mena he uaua ki a koe te kimi i tētahi pūnga iahiko taurangi, ka taea e koe te hanga i tētahi putanga māmā kāore e taea te "whakatika" ki ngā teihana maha (whakatika pūmau), engari ko te wheako pai rawa atu ka puta mai i te whakamahi i tētahi pūnga iahiko taurangi.
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3. Kaupapa Taketake o tētahi Ara Reo Irirangi AM Māmā
I roto i te ariā, ka taea te whakaaro i tētahi ara iahiko reo irirangi AM māmā penei:
Pūihi → (Koiri + Pūnga Whakarerekētanga = Kaiwhakatakoto) → Taioata (Kaitirotiro) → Taringa → Whenua
a) Ara Whakatū (LC)
– Ka hangaia he ara iahiko whakakorikori e te koiri (L) me te pūnga whakapūmau taurangi (C).
– Mā te hurihuri i te pūnga iahiko taurangi, ka rerekē te uara o te C kia rerekē ai te auau orooro.
– Ina "ōrite" te haruru ki tētahi teihana, ka kaha ake te tohu o taua teihana i ētahi atu auau.
b) Kaitirotiro (Diode)
– Ko te diode te kawenga mō te "whakatika" i te tohu AM kia taea ai te hopu i te wāhanga oro (he rerekē te kaha).
c) Taringa me te Whenua
– Ka hurihia e ngā taringa ngā tohu oro hei oro.
– Ka āwhina te whenua ki te kati i te ara iahiko, ā, ka whakanui ake i te aro ki te whiwhinga.
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4. Me pēhea te hanga i tētahi pōro pai
Ko te wāhanga tino nui o tētahi reo irirangi māmā ko te koiri. E rua ngā huarahi whānui:
Kōwhiringa 1: Kopikopiko i runga i te tokotoko ferrite (e taunakitia ana)
1. Whakaritea he tokotoko ferrite 8–12 cm te roa.
2. Tākaihia te waea enamel kia 60–100 takahuri (kei te āhua o te pūnga hiko me te roopu AM o tō rohe).
3. Hangaia he hononga kaha, tihorea te enamel i ngā pito o te waea i mua i te whakapiri/hononga.
Ka whakanuia ake te kiato o ngā reo irirangi e ngā tokotoko ferite, ā, ka tairongo ake hoki ki te AM, nā te mea ka arotahi te papa aukume o ngā ngaru reo irirangi.
Kōwhiringa 2: Pōkai hau
1. Whakamahia he paipa kirihou iti hei koiri.
2. 80–120 hurihanga o te hau.
3. Ka taea e ngā koiri hau te mahi, engari kāore i te tino whai hua pērā i ngā tokotoko ferrite mō te AM.
Ki te hiahia koe kia nui ake te ngāwari, ka taea e koe te hanga i ngā tap (manga hononga) ki ētahi pūwāhi takai, hei tauira i te takai 20, 40, 60, mō ngā whakamātautau tairongo.
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5. Ngā Hipanga Huihuinga Porowhita
Anei ngā mahi whai hua hei huihui:
1. Whakamaua te koiri (L) ki runga i tētahi papa iti, i tētahi papa taro, i tētahi atu rānei e piri tika ana ki te tokotoko ferrite.
2. Honoa he pūnga whakarara (C) ki te koiri:
– Kotahi te waewae o te pūnga ki te pito o te koiri tuatahi.
– Ko te waewae kē atu o te pūnga hiko ki te pito o te koiri tuarua.
3. Honoa te pūihi ki tetahi pito o te koiri (ki te pūoro rānei mēnā kei te hanga pūoro koe).
4. Honoa te whenua ki tērā pito o te koiri.
5. Tāutahia he diode kite mai i te pūwāhi putanga o te kaiwhakaara ki te ara iahiko oro:
– I te nuinga o te wā ka tangohia te pūwāhi putanga mai i tetahi pito o te koiri (mai i te pū rānei) ki te diode.
6. Honoa ngā taringaoro:
– Tētahi o ngā taura taringa ki te putanga i muri i te diode.
– Ko te taura taringa kē atu ki te whenua.
Kia honoa katoa ngā mea, ngana ki te huri mārire i te pūngao taurangi. Mena kei te pai te āhua o te pūihi me te whenua, me tiki e koe ētahi teihana AM.
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6. Ngā Tohutohu mō te Oro Mārama Ake
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā reo irirangi māmā e te raruraru nui: te iti o te oro. Anei me pēhea te whakapai ake:
– Whakaroahia te pūihi: ka roa ake, ka teitei ake hoki te pūihi, ka kaha ake te tohu.
– Whakamahia he whenua pai: ko te whenua ngoikore te take maha o te kore e rongo i tetahi mea i te reo irirangi.
– Whakamahia ngā tairongo germanium: he tairongo ake i ngā tairongo silicon noa.
– Whakamahia ngā taringa piezo, ngā taringa ārai-teitei rānei: he maha ngā wā he "taumaha" rawa ngā taringa noa (ārai-iti) mō ngā ara iahiko kāore i te whakakahangia.
– Kia matara atu i ngā pūtake o te pokanoa: ka taea e ngā rihi utu iti, ētahi rama LED, me ngā taputapu whakawhiti te whakanui ake i te haruru.
Ki te hiahia koe kia nui ake te tangi, ka taea e koe te tāpiri i tētahi whakakaha oro māmā (pērā i tētahi waeine whakakaha iti e hangai ana ki te LM386) e whakakahangia ana e te pākahiko. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake te whakarongo ki te reo irirangi mā roto i tētahi kaikorero iti.
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7. Te Tāpiri i te Whakakaha (Whiringa)
Mena ka whiriwhiri koe ki te tāpiri i tētahi whakakaha:
1. Tangohia te tohu oro i muri i te diode (putanga pūoko).
2. Whakauruhia ki te tāuru o te waeine whakakaha (LM386, waeine whakakaha iti rānei).
3. Tāutahia he pūoro iti 8 ohm.
4. Whakamahia he pākahiko 9V, 3–6V rānei, e ai ki te kōwae.
Ki te whakamahia he whakakaha oro, ka ahua "hou" ake te reo irirangi i te pikinga o te oro, ahakoa ko te ara iahiko LC tonu te mea e whiwhi ai i te auau matua.
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8. Ngā Tuhipoka Haumaru me ngā Tuhipoka Hira
– Kaua e hono te pūihi ki te whatunga hiko. Me waiho noa te pūihi hei waea roa i tētahi wāhi haumaru.
– Kia mau te whenua. Ki te whakamahi koe i tētahi pūnaha whenua mō te kāinga, kia mārama ki te pūnaha whenua tika, ā, karohia ngā mahi mōrearea.
– I te wā e tūhono ana, kia pai te hauhautanga, ā, kia tūpato hoki ki te wera o te rino tūhono.
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9. Whakamutunga
He kaupapa ako ngahau te hanga i tētahi reo irirangi me tētahi ara iahiko māmā: ka taea e koe te mārama ki ngā ariā o te LC resonance, te kite AM, me te hiranga o ngā pūihi me te whenua. Ahakoa he iti noa ngā wāhanga, ka miharo pea ngā hua—ina koa ka rongo tuatahi koe i tētahi pāhotanga reo irirangi mai i tētahi ara iahiko i hangaia e koe. Tīmata ki tētahi reo irirangi karaihe māmā, kātahi ka whakapai ake ki tētahi whakakaha oro mēnā e hiahia ana koe ki tētahi oro nui ake. Mā ngā whakamātautau iti pēnei i te whakarerekē i te maha o ngā hurihanga koiri, te whakamātau i ngā roa pūihi rerekē, te whakakapi rānei i ngā diode, ka nui ngā mea ka akohia e koe mō ngā hikohiko me ngā whakawhitiwhiti reo irirangi.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tētahi kauwhata motuhake ake (kauwhata waea) e ai ki ngā wāhanga kei a koe (hei tauira, te uara pūnga taurangi, te momo diode, mēnā me whakamahi he tokotoko ferrite, me te momo taringa).
