Me pēhea te hanga i tētahi reo irirangi me tētahi tuku oro poto
He kaupapa hiko whakamere, mātauranga, ā, he ngāwari hoki te hanga i tētahi reo irirangi me tētahi tuku hiko poto mō ngā tīmatanga—mēnā ka ata whai koe i ngā tohutohu, ka mārama hoki ki ngā herenga o tōna whakamahinga. Mā te tuku hiko poto, ka taea e koe te tuku oro (hei tauira, mai i tētahi waea pūkoro, i tētahi hopuoro rānei) ki tētahi reo irirangi FM huri noa i tō whare, kātahi ka whakarongo ki tētahi auau motuhake. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei kaupapa mō ngā whakamātautau pūtaiao, te ako i ngā hiko taketake, hei whakangahau noa rānei i roto i ngā wāhi kuiti.
Engari i mua i tā tātou tīmatanga, he mea nui kia mārama kei raro ngā ture auau mō ngā tuku reo irirangi. He maha ngā whenua (tae atu ki a Initonīhia) e whakahaere ana i te whakamahinga o ngā tuku. Nō reira, me whakamahi koe i te mana iti, he tawhiti poto rawa, ā, mō ngā whakamātautau whaiaro anake. Kaua e pokanoa ki ngā auau pāho tūmatanui, ki ngā ratonga ohorere, ki ētahi atu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero rānei.
1. Te Mahi a te Reo Irirangi FM me ngā Tuku
Ka mahi te reo irirangi FM mā te whiwhi i ngā ngaru hikohiko i te awhe auau FM (te nuinga o te wā 88–108 MHz). Ka whakaputahia e te tuku FM he tohu i tētahi auau motuhake, kātahi ka whakarerekē i taua tohu ki te oro. Ka kiia tēnei whakarerekētanga ko te whakarerekētanga auau, ka "whakapiripiritia" te oro mā te whakarerekē paku i te auau kawe kia ōrite ki te ngaru oro. Kātahi ka hopukina e te reo irirangi FM taua tohu, ka wetewetehia, ka hurihia anō hei oro.
Mō ngā tuku oro poto, ka whakamahia e mātou he ara iahiko māmā e whakamahi ana i te oscillator RF (auau reo irirangi) me te modulator oro. Ka honoa te putanga ki tētahi pūihi poto hei ārai i te kaha rawa o te tohu.
2. Ngā Utauta me ngā Rauemi e Hiahiatia ana
Anei ngā rauemi noa mō te hanga i tētahi tuku FM māmā, iti-mana (awhe poto). Ka taea e koe te huihui ki runga i tētahi papa taro, i tētahi PCB poka rānei (papa perf).
Ngā wāhanga hiko:
1. Pūhiko RF (hei tauira, 2N2222, 2N3904, pūhiko RF rite rānei)
2. Ngā ātete (he maha ngā uara, hei tauira 10k, 1k, 100 ohm – whakarerekētia ki te hoahoa)
3. Ngā pūnga uku me ngā pūnga hikohiko (hei tauira, 10 pF, 22 pF, 100 nF, 10 µF)
4. Ngā inductors (ngā koiri) ka taea te hanga ā-ringa mai i te waea enamel
5. Trimpot, pūnga taurangi rānei (hei whakarite i te auau, he kōwhiringa engari he tino āwhina)
6. Hononga oro 3,5mm, wae hopuoro hiko rānei (kōwhiria tētahi e ai ki te pūtake oro)
7. Pūtake hiko 3–9V (e taunakitia ana te pākahiko mō te iti o te haruru)
8. Pūihi (waea ±10–30 cm mō te whakamātautau tata)
Ngā taputapu mahi:
– He mea whakapiri me te tīni (mēnā kāore e whakamahia he papa parāoa)
– Ngā kūmau tapahi, ngā kūmau ihu-ngira
– Ine maha
– Ngā waea parāoa me ngā waea pekepeke (he kōwhiringa mō te tauira)
– te reo irirangi FM hei kaiwhiwhi (he reo irirangi noa, he waea pūkoro rānei he reo irirangi FM tōna)
Kia mōhio: Mō ngā hua pumau ake, whakamahia he PCB me te tahora ma. He tairongo ngā ara iahiko RF ki te roa o te taura me te tūranga o te wāhanga.
3. Te Kōwhiri i tētahi Hoahoa Ara Hāora Haumaru mō ngā Tīmatanga
He maha ngā hoahoa tuku hiko FM māmā e wātea ana. Mō ngā tīmatanga, whiriwhiria he tuku hiko FM kotahi-transistor, he ara iahiko rua-wāhanga iti-mana rānei (orooro me te pūmau). Ko te ara iahiko kotahi-transistor te mea māmā rawa, engari he iti ake te pumau. He pumau ake te ara iahiko me te pūmau engari he uaua ake.
Mena he tīmatanga koe, ko ngā mahi e taunakitia ana:
– Ka tīmata mai i tētahi ara iahiko tuku FM iti kotahi te transistor
– He torutoru mita noa iho te tawhiti o te whakamātautau
– Kia tino whakamahia he pūihi poto, he iti hoki te ngaohiko.
4. Te Hanga i tētahi Koiri (Inductor) mō tētahi Oscillator
Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui o te tuku FM ko te koiri. I te nuinga o te wā ka mahi tahi tēnei koiri me te pūnga hei hanga i tētahi ara iahiko LC (Inductor + Capacitor) e whakatau ana i te auau oscillator.
Ngā huarahi noa mō te hanga i ngā koiri:
1. Whakamahia he waea enamel he 0,5–0,8 mm te whānui.
2. Tākaihia kia 4–8 ngā hurihanga huri noa i tētahi mea porotaka iti (hei tauira, he mata tīwiri 5 mm).
3. Tangohia mai i te pokepoke, kātahi ka whakatikatika i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā koiri.
4. Waruhia te pito o te waea enamel kia taea ai te whakapiri.
Mā te whakarerekē i te maha o ngā hurihanga me te tawhiti i waenganui i a rātou ka taea te neke i te auau. Ko te nuinga o ngā hurihanga ka whakaiti i te auau. Ko te iti o ngā hurihanga ka whakanui ake i te auau.
5. Huihuinga Porowhita
Anei ngā mahi a te huihuinga whānui:
1. Whakaritea te papa hiko (papa parāoa, papa para rānei).
2. Tāutahia ngā transistors, ngā ātete, me ngā pūnga iahiko kia rite ki te hoahoa e whakamahia ana e koe.
3. Honoa te koiri ki te wāhanga o te oscillator.
4. Honoa te tāuru oro:
– Mena nō te waea pūkoro, whakamahia te hononga 3,5mm ka tango i te tohu mai i te putanga paneoro.
– Ki te mea kei te whakamahi koe i tētahi hopuoro hiko, me whai ara iahiko whakarara māmā (ātete + pūnga) kia mahi ai te hopuoro.
5. Tāpirihia ngā pūnga hiko karo (hei tauira, 100 nF me te 10 µF) ki te taha o te pūhiko hei whakaiti i te haruru.
6. Honoa he waea poto o te pūihi (hei tauira, 15 cm) ki te pūwāhi putanga (e ai ki te hoahoa).
7. Whakamahia he pākahiko 3–9V.
Mō ngā tīmatanga, whakamahia he pākahiko 3V–5V i te tīmatanga hei whakaiti i te mana tuku. Ka taea e ngā ngaohiko teitei ake te whakanui ake i te whānuitanga, engari ka piki ake hoki te mōrearea o te hipa i ngā rohe mahi me te piki ake o te hē mena he kore pumau te ara iahiko.
6. Te Tautuhi i te Auautanga me te Whakamātautau i te Tohu
Kia oti te ara iahiko te whakakā, mahia ngā mahi whakarite:
1. Whakakāhia te pūoro reo irirangi FM, whakatakotoria te oro ki te reo waenga.
2. Matawaihia ngā auau kore reo (ngā mea kāore he teihana kaha).
3. Whakakāhia te tuku, nekehia te reo irirangi kia tata ki te ara iahiko (tawhiti 0,5–2 mita).
4. Tahurihia mārire te pūngao hiko/pūngao taurangi (mēnā he pūngao) kia rongo rā anō koe i te oro.
5. Mena kāore he pūnga iahiko taurangi, ka taea e koe te whakarite i te auau mā te:
– Totorohia, whakakīia rānei te takai koiri
– Te whakarerekē i te uara o te pūnga iti (pF) i roto i te ara iahiko LC
Hei whakangawari i ngā mea, whiriwhiria he auau e kore utu ana i tō rohe. Ki te akiaki koe i tētahi auau kua nohoia e tētahi teihana reo irirangi, ka rerekē ngā hua, ā, ka raru pea te whiwhinga.
7. Whakaitihia te haruru, ā, ka mārama ake te tangi
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā tukuoro māmā e te haruru, te ngunguru, te pakū rānei. Anei ētahi tohutohu hei whakatika i tēnei:
– Whakamahia ngā pākahiko, kaua ngā urutau iti te utu.
– Whakapotoa ngā taura, inā koa i ngā wāhanga koiri me ngā transistor.
– Tāpirihia he pūnga hiko taha tata ki ngā waewae o te transistor me te pūhiko.
– Whakamahia he ārai tiaki māmā hei whakaiti i te pokanoa o te pā o te ringa. He maha ngā tuku kōrero māmā ka huri i te auau ina puritia nā te pānga o te kaha o te tinana.
– Kia tino nui te haruru o te oro. Ki te mea nō te waea mai, whakaitihia te oro kia kore ai e nui rawa te whakarerekētanga.
Mena he mārie rawa te oro, ka taea e koe te tāpiri i tētahi wāhanga preamp oro māmā, engari kia iti te hiko o te ara iahiko, kia tata hoki te awhe.
8. Te Hanga i tētahi Pūnaha Reo Irirangi Māmā ki te Kāinga
Kia mahi te tuku reo irirangi, ka taea e koe te hanga i tētahi "reo irirangi kāinga" iti:
– Honoa he pūtake oro: he rārangi waiata, he rekoata, he hopuoro rānei mō te "pāho".
– Whakamahia he reo irirangi FM i tētahi atu rūma hei whiwhi pāhotanga.
– Whakatakotoria te tuku hiko ki tētahi wāhi haumaru, pumau hoki (hei tauira, he tēpu mahi).
– Whakamahia te pūihi poto rawa ka taea tonu te whiwhi i te wāhi e hiahiatia ana e koe.
Mō ngā horopaki mātauranga, ka taea e koe te whakamārama i ngā ariā o ngā oscillator, te LC resonance, te modulation, me te hiranga o te whakahaere i te auautanga o te whānuitanga.
9. Haumaru me te Ture
He wāhanga tino nui tēnei. Ahakoa he iti te mana o te ara iahiko, ka tukuna e te tuku reo irirangi he tohu ki te rangi. Hei haumaru:
– Whakamahia te mana iti rawa e taea ana.
– Whakawhāitihia te awhe o te pūihi ki te awhe tata.
– Kōwhiria he auau kau, kaua hoki e pokanoa ki ngā teihana mana.
– Whakamahia mō ngā whakamātautau whaiaro anake.
– Tirohia ngā ture ā-rohe e pā ana ki ngā tuku reo irirangi.
Ki te hiahia koe ki tētahi kaupapa "kāore he ture", whakaarohia ētahi atu huarahi pērā i te tuku oro Nihokikorangi (he tawhiti poto) he pūnaha oro waea rānei.
10. Whakamutunga
Ka taea te hanga i tētahi tuku reo irirangi tawhiti-poto mā te whakamahi i tētahi ara iahiko māmā: he oscillator FM, he modulator oro, me tētahi pūihi poto. He nui ngā mea e akohia ana e tēnei kaupapa—mai i ngā ara iahiko LC me te whakatikatika auau ki te mahi i te whakakotahi tika i ngā wāhanga RF. Ko ngā kī ki te angitu ko te tika, te whakatikatika āta haere, me te iti o te whakapaunga hiko hei whakarite i te haumaru me te karo i ngā pokanoa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina me ngā putanga motuhake ake: hei tauira, he rārangi wāhanga katoa me ngā uara motuhake (BOM), he mahere ara iahiko tuku FM poto-poto, me ngā mahi whakatikatika i runga i ngā wāhanga kei a koe.
