Te Mātauranga me tōna Awe ki te Tukanga Ako
Pendahuluan
Ko te hinengaro he huinga o ngā tukanga hinengaro e uru ana ki te whiwhi, te mārama, te maumahara, me te whakamahi i te mātauranga. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te hinengaro e kapi ana i ngā mahi hinengaro maha pēnei i te tirohanga, te mahara, te whakaaro, te whakaaroaro, me te reo. He mea nui te rangahau mō te hinengaro ki te mārama ki te ako me te hanga mātauranga a te tangata. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o te hinengaro me tōna pānga ki te tukanga ako, me te arotahi ki ngā ariā hinengaro maha me tōna whakatinanatanga i roto i ngā horopaki mātauranga.
Ngā Ariā Hinengaro i roto i te Mātauranga
1. Te Ariā a Piaget
Ko Jean Piaget tētahi o ngā tohunga hinengaro whai mana nui i roto i te ao hinengaro. E ai ki a Piaget, ka puta te tukanga ako ā-roto i roto i ngā wāhanga whanaketanga motuhake, tae atu ki ngā wāhanga pūoko-ā-tinana, mua-whakahaere, mahi tūturu, me ngā wāhanga mahi ōkawa. E whakaata ana ia wāhanga i te uaua haere o te whakaaro me te mārama o ngā tamariki ki te ao.
– Wāhanga Pūoro-ā-ringa (0-2 tau): I tēnei wāhanga, ka arotahi te whanaketanga hinengaro ki ngā taunekeneke pūoro-ā-ringa me te nekeneke. Ka puta te ako mā roto i ngā mahi ā-tinana me ngā wheako tika.
– Wāhanga Whakahaere (2-7 tau): Ka tīmata ngā tamariki ki te whakamahi i ngā tohu pēnei i ngā kupu me ngā pikitia hei whakaatu i ngā taonga, engari kei te aro tonu ō rātou whakaaro ki a rātou anō, ā, kāore i te aro nui ki te hinengaro.
– Wāhanga Mahi Tūturu (7-11 tau): Ka tīmata ngā tamariki ki te mōhio ki ngā tauira me te mahi i ngā mahi arorau engari ki ngā mea tūturu anake.
– Wāhanga Whakahaere Whaimana (11 tau te pakeke, neke atu rānei): Ka tīmata te tangata ki te whakaaro ā-wāhanga, ā-whakaaroaro hoki.
Ko te takoha a Piaget ki te mātauranga he whakamārama me whai wāhi ngā tamariki ki te pā atu, ki te rongo, me te taunekeneke ki tō rātou taiao kia mārama ai ki ngā ariā hou.
2. Te ariā a Vygotsky
I whakaaro a Lev Vygotsky kia whanake te hinengaro i roto i te horopaki pāpori mā roto i ngā taunekeneke me ngā tāngata whai pūkenga ake. Ko tētahi ariā matua o tana ariā ko te "Rohe Whanaketanga Tata" (ZPD), te tawhiti i waenga i ngā mea ka taea e te tamaiti te mahi takitahi me ngā mea ka taea e rātou te whakatutuki mā te ārahi. Ko te mahi a te kaiako, a te pakeke rānei, he tautuhi me te hono i tēnei ZPD hei whakapai ake i te ako.
I whakanuia anō hoki e Vygotsky te hiranga o te reo hei taputapu matua mō te whakaaro me te māramatanga. Mā te kōrero me te mahi tahi, ka taea e ngā tamariki te whakarei ake me te whakahōhonu ake i ō rātou māramatanga.
3. Ariā Tukatuka Mōhiohio
E whakaahua ana te tauira tukatuka mōhiohio i ngā tukanga hinengaro hei raupapa o ngā mahi e rite ana ki te tukatuka mōhiohio a ngā rorohiko. Kei roto i tēnei tukanga te whakakōwae, te penapena, me te tiki mōhiohio.
– Whakawaehere: Ka hurihia ngā mōhiohio hou ki tētahi hōputu ka taea te whakamahi e te mahara.
– Te Rokiroki: Te pupuri i ngā mōhiohio kua hunaia mō tētahi wā.
– Te tiki anō: Te uru atu ki ngā mōhiohio kua rongoatia.
E whakaatu ana tēnei ariā i te hiranga o ngā rautaki aro me te tukatuka kia maumaharahia ai, kia whakamahia ai hoki ngā mōhiohio. Ko ngā rautaki ako pēnei i te whakamahinga o ngā mēnemonika, te tuhi tuhipoka whai hua, me ngā tikanga arotake, he whakatinanatanga whai hua tēnei ariā i roto i te mātauranga.
Te Awe o te Hinengaro ki te Tukanga Ako
Ka pā te hinengaro ki te tukatuka a te tangata i ngā mōhiohio me te whakamahinga o tēnei tukanga i roto i ngā horopaki mātauranga. Anei ētahi āhuatanga nui o te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hinengaro me te ako:
1. Te Tirohanga me te Aro
Ko te tirohanga te tukanga tātari me te whakamārama i ngā mōhiohio ā-pūmanawa kia mārama ai ki tō tātou taiao. I roto i te horopaki o te ako, he mea nui te tirohanga nā te mea ka whakatau i te aro o ngā ākonga ki ngā rauemi e whakaakona ana. Ka pā te aro ki te kaha o ngā ākonga ki te tātari i ngā mōhiohio e tika ana mai i ngā mōhiohio kāore e tika ana.
Mā te aro whiriwhiri ka taea e ngā ākonga te arotahi ki ngā tohutohu a te kaiako, engari mā te aro tonu ka taea e rātou te whai wāhi atu ki ngā mahi ako mō ngā wā roa. Mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tirohanga, te whānuitanga o te whakaaturanga, me ngā mahi taunekeneke ka taea te whakapai ake i te aro me te tirohanga a ngā ākonga.
2. Mahara
Ko te mahara te kaha ki te penapena me te uru atu ki ngā mōhiohio. Kua wehea te mahara ki te mahara poto me te mahara roa. He iti te kaha o te mahara poto, ā, me mahi anō kia huri ai ngā mōhiohio ki te mahara roa.
Mā ngā rautaki ako whai hua, pērā i te tāruarua ā-wāhi, te maumahara, me ngā mahere ariā, ka āwhina i te whakapakari i te mahara roa me te whakapai ake i te pupuri i ngā mōhiohio. Ko ngā mahi e whakaoho ana i te whakaaroaro arohaehae me te whakaoti rapanga ka āwhina anō hoki i te whakapai ake i te mahara.
3. Te Whakaaroaro me te Whakaoti Rapanga
He tukanga hinengaro te whakaaroaro e whakamahia ana hei whakatau me te whakaoti rapanga. I roto i te mātauranga, ka whakawhanakehia ngā pūkenga whakaaroaro mā roto i ngā mahi e akiaki ana i te whakaaroaro arohaehae me te whakaaroaro tātari.
Mā ngā tikanga ako pēnei i te ako kaupapa me te ako uiui ka akiaki i ngā ākonga ki te pātai, ki te kohikohi raraunga, me te whakatau i ā rātou ake whakatau. Ka whakawhanake tēnei i ngā pūkenga whakaaro arorau me te auaha.
4. Te Mōhiotanga Matatau
Ko te mōhiotanga-ā-roto ko te mōhiotanga me te māramatanga o te tangata ki āna ake tukanga whakaaro. Kei roto i tēnei ko te kaha ki te whakarite rautaki ako, te aroturuki i te ahunga whakamua, me te aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana.
He mea nui te mōhiotanga-ā-roto nā te mea ka akiaki i ngā ākonga kia noho hei ākonga takitahi, kia whakaaroaro hoki. Ka taea e ngā kaiako te āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga mōhiotanga-ā-roto mā te whakatenatena i a rātou ki te whakamahere i ngā mahi, ki te aroturuki i ō rātou māramatanga, me te aromatawai i ngā putanga ako.
5. Te Hihiri me te Kare ā-roto
Ko te hihiri me te kare ā-roto he āhuatanga hinengaro e pā ana ki te hiahia me te hiahia ki te ako. Ka taea e te hihiri te noho ā-roto (e ahu mai ana i roto) te noho ā-waho rānei (e awehia ana e ngā āhuatanga o waho pēnei i ngā utu).
Ka whakanui ake ngā kare ā-roto pai, pērā i te whakapono ki a ia anō me te hiahia, i te whai wāhi me te u tonu ki ngā mahi ako. I tetahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā kare ā-roto kino, pērā i te ahotea me te manukanuka, te whakararu i te ako. Ka taea e ngā kaiako te āwhina i te ako kia whai hua ake mā te waihanga i tētahi taiao ako tautoko me te whakarato urupare whai hua.
Te Whakatinanatanga o te Mātauranga i roto i te Mahi Mātauranga
Hei whakapai ake i te ako i runga i ngā mātāpono hinengaro, ka taea e ngā kaiako me ngā kaiwhakaako te whakamahi i ēnei rautaki e whai ake nei:
1. Hoahoa Ako Taunekeneke, Whakahihiri hoki
Mā te whakamahi i ngā momo tikanga hei whakauru i ngā ākonga ki te taunekeneke, pērā i ngā kōrero ā-rōpū, ngā whakatauira, me ngā kēmu mātauranga, ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te aro me te pupuri i ngā mōhiohio.
2. Te Whakamahi i te Hangarau Mātauranga
Mā ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā taputapu tirohanga, ngā pūmanawa mātauranga, me ngā tūāpapa ako-īpurangi ka whakarei ake i te wheako ako me te whakaatu i ngā rauemi i roto i ngā momo whakatakotoranga e hāngai ana ki ngā momo momo kāhua ako.
3. Whakarato Urupare Hanga
Mā te urupare tika, ā, i te wā tika hoki, ka āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te mārama ki ō rātou kaha me ō rātou ngoikoretanga, ā, ka whakaratohia hoki ngā whai wāhitanga hei whakapai ake.
4. Whakatenatenahia te Whakaaroaro me te Aromatawai-ā-Whaiaro
Āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga hinengaro-whakaaro mā te tono i a rātou ki te whakaaroaro mō ā rātou ake tukanga ako me ngā putanga.
5. Te Whakarerekē i ngā Rauemi Ako
Te whakarerekē i ngā rauemi me ngā tikanga ako kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia takitahi me te taumata whanaketanga hinengaro o ngā ākonga, kia rite ai ki ngā mātāpono o te ariā whanaketanga i whakatakotoria e Piaget rāua ko Vygotsky.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a te hinengaro i roto i te tukanga ako, e awe ana i te huarahi e whiwhi ai, e mārama ai, e whakamahi ai te tangata i te mātauranga. Mā te mārama ki ngā mātāpono hinengaro me te whakamahi i aua mātāpono i roto i te mahi mātauranga, ka taea e ngā kaiako te waihanga i ngā taiao ako whai hua ake, whānui ake hoki. He mea nui kia ako tonu ngā kaiako me te whakatinana i ngā ariā hinengaro i roto i ā rātou whakaakoranga kia nui ake ai te pūmanawa o ia ākonga.
