Te Mahi a te Whakawhiti i roto i te Pūnaha Tāpoi Hau
Kua tere te tipu haere o te pūngao hau hei puna pūngao whakahou i roto i ngā whenua maha, tae atu ki Initonīhia. Ka hurihia e ngā tāwhana hau te pūngao nekeneke o ngā hau e pupuhi ana ki te pūngao hiko ka taea te whakamahi e ngā whare, ngā ahumahi, tae atu ki ngā whatunga hiko nui. Heoi, kāore te tukanga whakaputa hiko mai i te tāwhana hau e mutu i te whakaputa hiko. Ko tētahi taputapu nui e warewarehia ana ko te whakawhiti hiko. He mahi nui tā te whakawhiti hiko ki te whakarite kia tohatohahia te hiko e whakaputaina ana e te tāwhana hau me te haumaru, me te whai hua, me te rite ki ngā paerewa whatunga hiko.
Tirohanga Whānui o te Pūnaha Tāwhana Hau
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te tāhū hau he rotor (mata), he nacelle (te whare matua), he pou, he pouaka miihini (i ētahi momo), he whakaputa hiko, he pūnaha whakahaere, me ētahi atu wāhanga hiko. Ina hurihia te rotor e te hau, ka tukuna te pūngao miihini ki te whakaputa hiko hei whakaputa hiko. Ko tēnei hiko he hiko hurihuri (AC) me ngā āhuatanga motuhake, pērā i te ngaohiko me te auau, ka rerekē pea i runga i te tere o te hau me te momo whakaputa hiko.
Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai ngā pūnaha whakawhiti hiko me ngā whakawhiti hiko. Hei tuku hiko ki te kawenga, ki te whatunga hiko rānei, me whakarerekē te ngaohiko, me whakapai ake te kounga o te hiko, me whakaiti hoki i ngā mate tuku hiko. Ko ngā whakawhiti hiko te otinga matua mō ēnei hiahia.
He aha te Transformer, ā, he aha te mea e hiahiatia ana?
He taputapu hiko te whakawhiti hiko e whakanui ana, e whakaiti ana rānei i te ngaohiko AC mā te whakamahi i te kaupapa o te whakapūngao hikohiko. Kāore ngā whakawhiti hiko e whakaputa pūngao, engari e whakarerekē ana i ngā taumata ngaohiko kia pai ake ai te tuku hiko.
I roto i te horopaki o ngā tāwhana hau, ko ngā ngaohiko putanga o ngā kaihanga hiko kei ngā taumata reo, iti rānei (hei tauira, rau ngā volts ki ētahi kilovolts). I taua wā, ko ngā whatunga tohatoha me te tuku hiko me hiahia kia teitei ake ngā taumata ngaohiko (hei tauira, 20 kV, 33 kV, 70 kV, neke atu rānei). Ki te kore he whakawhiti hiko, ka uaua te tuku hiko mai i ngā tāwhana hau ki ngā tawhiti roa nā te mea ka nui ngā mate me te wera nui o ngā taura i ngā ia teitei.
Te Mahi Matua o te Whakawhiti i roto i te Pūnaha Tāpoi Hau
1. Te Whakanui i te Ngaohiko hei Whai Hua mō te Tukunga
Ko te mahi tino noa o te whakawhiti hiko i roto i te tipu hiko hau he whakawhiti hiko whakaneke. Mā te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko, ka heke te iahiko i roto i te raina tuku hiko mō te mana kotahi. He māmā noa te kaupapa: ko te mana hiko (P) te hua o te ngaohiko (V) me te iahiko (I). Mā te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko, ka taea te whakaiti i te iahiko, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā ngaronga mana nā te ātete taura (I²R).
I tētahi pāmu hau, ka kohia tuatahitia te hiko mai i ētahi tāpine mā roto i tētahi whatunga kaikohi. He whakawhiti hiko kei ia tāpine hei whakanui ake i te ngaohiko mai i te whakaputa hiko ki te taumata whatunga kaikohi. I te teihana hiko, ka piki ake tētahi atu whakawhiti hiko ki te taumata tuku hiko.
2. Whakatikatikahia te ngaohiko ki te paerewa whatunga
He paerewa ngaohiko motuhake kei ia whatunga hiko, i runga i te rohe me te hoahoa pūnaha hiko. Mā ngā whakawhiti hiko ka taea te whakarite kia tutuki i ēnei paerewa te ngaohiko e tukuna ana e ngā tāwhana hau. He mea nui tēnei whakatikatika hei whakarite kia rite te hiko o te tāwhana ki te whatunga hiko, ā, kia kore ai e whakararuraru i ngā taputapu kiritaki, i ngā pūnaha tiaki whatunga rānei.
Hei tāpiri, kei ētahi whakawhiti hiko he taputapu whakawhiti tap e taea ai te whakarerekē i te ōwehenga whakawhiti kia mau tonu ai te ngaohiko pumau ina rerekē te kawenga, ngā āhuatanga whatunga rānei.
3. Te Wehenga Hiko me te Haumaru Pūnaha
Ka whakaratohia hoki e ngā whakawhiti hiko he wehenga karawaka i waenga i te taha whakaputa hiko/tāpine me te taha whatunga. Ka whakapai ake tēnei wehenga i te haumaru mā te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā raruraru hiko e horapa ana mai i te whatunga ki ngā taputapu tāpine, i te ritenga kē rānei. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea e tēnei wehenga te āwhina ki te tiaki i ngā wāhanga tairongo pērā i ngā kaitahuri hiko mana me ngā pūnaha whakahaere tāpine.
He mea nui te wehewehenga o te whakawhiti hiko i roto i ngā tāpine hau hou e whakamahi ana i ngā kaitahuri hei whakahaere i te auau putanga me te ngaohiko. Mā te wehewehenga pai ka kaha ake te pūnaha ki ngā ngaru ngaohiko, ngā raruraru whakawhiti, me ētahi momo hapa.
4. Tautoko i te Kounga Mana
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā tāwhana hau e ngā wero kounga hiko nā te āhua rerekē o te hau. Ka taea e ngā piki me ngā heke o te tere o te hau te whakaputa i ngā rerekētanga ngaohiko, te kimo, me ngā haunga, inā koa i roto i ngā tāwhana e whakamahi ana i ngā hikohiko hiko. Ka taea te hanga i ngā whakawhiti hiko hei āwhina i te whakaiti i ētahi o ēnei raruraru, hei tauira, me ngā whirihoranga takai motuhake, pērā i te delta-wye, e āwhina ana ki te whakaiti i ngā haunga oro-taurangi.
Ahakoa ehara ngā whakawhiti hiko i te huarahi matua ki te whakapai ake i te kounga hiko (ko ngā kaitahuri, ngā tātari, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere te nuinga o tēnei mahi e whakahaerea ana), he mea nui tonu tā rātou mahi hei wāhanga o te hoahoa hiko whānui.
5. Te Whakaurunga me te Huinga o te Mana mai i ngā Tīpuna Maha
I roto i ngā pāmu hau, me kohikohi te hiko mai i ngā tāpine maha i mua i te tukunga ki te whatunga tuku hiko. Mā ngā whakawhiti hiko ka āwhina i tēnei whakaurunga mā te whakaara ake i te ngaohiko ki te taumata waenga kotahi mō ngā tāpine katoa i roto i te whatunga kohikohi hiko, kia pai ake ai te kohikohi hiko.
Ki te kore he whakawhiti hiko, ka nui ake ngā iahiko, ka nui ake ngā taura, ka nui ake ngā utu tāutanga, ā, ka nui ake pea ngā mate. Nō reira, ka whai wāhi tika ngā whakawhiti hiko ki te hoahoa ōhanga me te hangarau o ngā pāmu hau.
Te Tauwāhi o te Whakawhiti i runga i te Pūwero Hau
Ka taea te whakanoho i ngā whakawhiti hiko i roto i ngā pūnaha tāpine hau ki ētahi wāhi, i runga i te hoahoa:
1. I roto i te nacelle (i runga i te pourewa): ka whakaiti i te roa o ngā taura ngaohiko iti, engari ka whakanui ake i te kawenga, ā, ka uaua te tiaki.
2. I te turanga o te pourewa (turanga pourewa): he mea noa nā te mea he māmā ake te uru atu ki ngā mahi tiaki, ā, he pai ake te tohatoha taumaha.
3. I waho o te tāpine (te whakawhiti hiko e mau ana ki te papa): kei te taha o te pourewa i roto i tētahi kāpata motuhake, kia māmā ake ai te tiaki me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te wera i roto i te pourewa.
Ka whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa tauwāhi ki ngā āhuatanga haumaru, te ngāwari o te ratonga, te pāmahana whakahaere, te ārai i te huarere, me ngā āhuatanga utu.
Ngā Momo Whakawhitiwhiti e Whakamahia Ana
Ko ngā whakawhiti hiko i roto i ngā tāwhana hau ka taka ki roto i te kāwai whakawhiti hiko tohatoha, whakawhiti hiko rānei, e whakatauria ana i runga i te kaha o te tāwhana (hei tauira, 1–5 MW, neke atu rānei). I runga i tā rātou reo whakamatao me te whakamahana, he maha ngā momo:
– Ngā whakawhiti hiko rumaki-hinu: e whakamahia whānuitia ana nā te mea he pai te kaha whakamatao, ā, he pai hoki mō te mana nui.
– Ngā whakawhiti hiko momo-maroke: he pai ake te taiao nā te mea kāore e whakamahia he hinu, he pai mō ētahi wāhi, ahakoa he nui ake te utu, ā, me pai te hoahoa whakamatao e hiahiatia ana.
Ngā Wero Whakahaere me te Tiaki
Ka mahi ngā whakawhiti hiko i roto i ngā tāwhana hau i roto i ngā taiao uaua: te wiri o ngā pourewa, ngā huringa pāmahana nui, te haumākū, me te pānga o te tote ki ngā tāwhana tai. Nō reira, me whai pūnaha whakamarumaru pakari ngā whakawhiti hiko, te tiaki uira me te ngaru hiko, me te aroturuki i te āhua o te hau, pērā i te pāmahana, ngā hau rewa (i roto i ngā whakawhiti hiko hinu), me te kounga whakamarumaru.
Ka mutu pea te mahi a ngā tāpine i te korenga o te whakawhiti hiko, ka whakaiti i te whakaputanga pūngao, ka piki ake hoki ngā utu whakatika. Nō reira, he mea nui ngā kaupapa tiaki ārai me ngā tirotiro auau mō te whakahaere rawa o te pāmu hau.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui ngā whakawhiti hiko i roto i ngā pūnaha tāwhana hau. Ehara i te mea ko te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko anake tā rātou mahi kia pai ake ai te tuku hiko, engari ko te whakarite hoki i te ngaohiko ki ngā paerewa whatunga, te whakarato i te wehenga mō te haumaru, te whakahaere i te whakaurunga o te hiko mai i ngā tāwhana maha, me te whakapai ake i te kounga hiko whānui. Ki te kore he whakawhiti hiko, ka uaua ake te tuku hiko mai i ngā tāwhana hau i ngā tawhiti roa, ka nui ake te kaha e pau ana nā te nui o ngā mate, ā, ka tūpono pea ka raru te whatunga hiko.
I te piki haere o te whanaketanga o ngā pāmu hau, ka nui haere te hiranga o te mahi a ngā whakawhiti hiko, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha hou e hiahia ana kia nui te whai huatanga, te pono, me te hototahi katoa ki te whatunga hiko. Mā te whiriwhiri tika i ngā whakawhiti hiko, te whakanoho tika, me te tiaki tika, ka taea e ngā pūnaha tāpine hau te whakaputa hiko pumau me te pumau hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia pūngao ā muri ake nei.
