Te Mahi a te Pūnaha Whakahaere Yaw i roto i ngā Tāpine Hau
Kua hangaia ngā tāpine hau hou hei hopu i te nui o te kaha e taea ana mai i te ahunga me te tere o ngā ia o te hau e huri haere ana. Hei whakarite kia "angi" tonu te hurihanga o te rotor (mata) ki te hau i te koki tika, me whai tikanga te tāpine hei huri i te gondola (nacelle) i runga i ngā huringa o te ahunga o te hau. Ka kiia tēnei tikanga he pūnaha whakahaere yaw. Ki te kī ngāwari, ko te yaw te hurihanga o te tāpine huri noa i te tuaka poutū, kia noho rite tonu te papa hurihuri ki te ahunga o te hau e haere mai ana. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te mahi a te pūnaha whakahaere yaw i roto i ngā tāpine hau, ōna wāhanga matua, ngā rautaki whakahaere, me ngā wero me te tiaki.
1. He aha te hiranga o te whakahaere i ngā kauae?
Ko te whāinga matua o te whakahaere i te yaw he whakaiti i te hē o te yaw, arā, te rerekētanga koki i waenga i te ahunga o te hau me te ahunga haere o te rotor. Mēnā ka hē te tūnga o te rotor ki te hau, ka "haere" ētahi o te kaha o te hau mā roto i te rotor, engari kāore e hopukina pai. Ko te pānga:
1. Te hekenga o te putanga hiko. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te nui ake o te he o te tūnga, ko te nui ake o te hekenga o te putanga hiko.
2. Ka piki ake ngā kawenga hanganga. Ina pā mai te hau i te taha, ka kore e ōrite ngā kaha ā-rangi, ā, ka puta he kawenga hihiri ki runga i ngā mata, te pū, te toki, me te pourewa.
3. Te wiri me te tere o te pakaru. Ka taea e te he o te tūnga te whakanui ake i te wiri me te tere ake o te pakaru o ngā wāhanga miihini.
Mā te whakahaere pai i te yaw, ka taea e te tāpine te pupuri i te whai huatanga me te whakaroa i tōna roanga mahi.
2. Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Pūnaha Āwhiowhio
Ko ngā tāpine hau tuaka-whakapae (HAWT) he pūnaha yaw hohe te tikanga, e huri hohe ana i te nacelle mā te whakamahi i tētahi motuka. Kāore i rite ki ngā tāpine iti, e whakamahi ana i ētahi wā i te hiku (vane) hei "whai" noa i te hau, ko ngā tāpine tauine-pūtea e whakamahi ana i te yaw hohe nā te nui o te papatipu nacelle me te hiahia kia tika te whakahaere.
Ina kitea e te pūoko he panoni i te ahunga o te hau, ka tatau te kaiwhakahaere (kaiārahi PLC/SCADA) i te nui o te hurihanga o te tāpine. Mēnā ka nui ake te koki hē i tētahi paepae, ka honoa e te motuka yaw ngā taputapu kei runga i te whāriki yaw, ka huri te nacelle kia tika rā anō.
3. Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Pūnaha Whakahaere Āwhiowhio
a) Pūoko Tere me te Aronga o te Hau
Kei runga ake i te nacelle ko te tikanga:
– He whana hau hei ine i te ahunga o te hau e pā ana ki te nacelle.
– He anemometer hei ine i te tere o te hau.
Ko ēnei raraunga te wāhi matua hei whakatau mēnā me whakatika te piko o te waewae.
b) Te Whariki Whakamuri
He peera nui te peera yaw, he porowhita te āhua, e āhei ai te nacelle ki te huri i runga i te pourewa. Me āhei tēnei peera ki te tu atu i te kawenga whakakotahi: te taumaha o te nacelle, te pana o te rotor, me ngā kawenga hihiri i puta mai i te aueue.
c) Te Puku Yaw me te Mōta Yaw
Ko te puku yaw he maha ngā motuka hiko (he maha ngā wā he maha atu i te kotahi hei mahi tāruarua) e taraiwa ana i te taputapu pinion e hono ana ki te taputapu mowhiti i runga i te peera yaw. Ka taea e ngā motuka te mahi tauutuutu, te mahi tahi rānei i runga i te hoahoa me ngā whakaritenga taipana.
d) Pēki Whakamuri
Haunga te mōtini, kei reira anō he pūnaha aukati hei pupuri i te nacelle kia kore ai e hurihuri noa. He mea nui ngā aukati yaw mō:
– te whakau i te tūranga ina tae te tāpine ki te koki e hiahiatia ana,
– ārai i ngā nekehanga iti tonu (te hopu i te ū),
– te pupuri i te nacelle i ētahi āhuatanga hau, i te wā rānei e mutu ai te tāpine.
e) Kaiwhakahaere Tīpene (Kaiwhakahaere)
Ka whiwhi te kaiwhakahaere i ngā tohu a te pūoko, ka whakamahi i te arorau whakahaere, kātahi ka tuku whakahau ki ngā motuka me ngā parai. Ka whakatinanahia hoki e te kaiwhakahaere ngā hononga haumaru: hei tauira, te aukati i te yaw ina pakaru te pūoko, ina kei roto te tāpine i ētahi momo, ina tino tere te hau rānei.
4. Me pēhea te whakatau a te Turbine i te wā e piko ai?
Kāore ngā tāpine e whakatika i ngā wā katoa ka paku huri te hau. Mēnā he tino tairongo, ka neke haere te pūnaha i ngā wā katoa, ā, ka tere ake te pakaru o te mōta, te pouaka iti i roto i te puku yaw, me ngā peera yaw. Nō reira, ko te mana whakahaere yaw te tikanga e whakamahi ana i ngā ariā o te paepae (deadband) me te whakaroa wā.
a) Hapa Āwhiowhio me te Here Mate
– Hapa piko = te ahunga hau i inehia – te tūnga o te nacelle o nāianei
– Ko te awhe manawanui he awhe mate, hei tauira ±5° ki te ±15° (he rerekē i waenga i ngā kaihanga me ngā rautaki whakahaere).
Mena kei roto tonu te hapa yaw i te deadband, ka whiriwhiri te tāpine kia kaua e neke.
b) Te Whakaroa Wā me te Tātari Raraunga
Ka rerekē te ahunga o te hau nā te aueue. Nō reira, ko ngā raraunga o te pūoko e whai ake nei:
– tātarihia mā te whakamahi i te toharite neke,
– i aromatawaitia mō tētahi wā (hei tauira, 10–60 hēkona),
kia kore ai te tāpine e tauhohe ki te "haruru" wā poto.
c) Rautaki Hikoi Whakamuri
Engari ko te hurihuri tonu, he maha ngā wā ka piko haere ngā tāpine i roto i ngā takahanga iti. Ka huri rātou i ētahi nekehanga, ka mutu, ka arotake anō, kātahi ka tīmata anō mēnā e tika ana. Mā tēnei huarahi ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te wiri me te whakahaere i ngā kawenga miihini.
5. Te Tukanga Mahi Whakahaere Ārai i te Raupapa
Koinei te tukanga mahi noa mō ngā tāpine nui:
1. Te ine i ngā āhuatanga o te hau. Ka pānuihia e te vane hau te ahunga o te hau e pā ana ki te nacelle, ka pānuihia e te anemometer te tere.
2. Te tātaitanga hē. Ka tātaihia e te kaiwhakahaere te hapa yaw, ā, ka tirohia mēnā kei runga ake i te pae mate.
3. Tirotiro i te āhua o te mahi. Mā te pūnaha e whakarite kei roto te tāpine i te āhua haumaru mō te yaw: kāore he whakaoho nui, kua rite ngā parai, kei te wātea ngā motuka, ā, kei te haumaru ngā rohe hurihuri taura (mō ngā hoahoa me ngā taura kei roto i te pourewa).
4. Tukua ngā pērai yaw (mēnā e tika ana). Ka taea te tuku i ngā pērai kia taea ai te neke o te nacelle.
5. Te whakahohenga o te motuka yaw. Ka hurihia e te motuka te nacelle ki te hau. Ka puritia te tere yaw kia puhoi kia whakaitihia ai te kawenga (hei tauira, he torutoru nekehanga ia hekona).
6. Te aukati me te raka tūranga. Ina tata mai te koki ūnga, ka mutu te motuka, ā, ka pupuri ngā aukati i te nacelle kia pumau.
7. Manatoko. Ka pānui anō te pūoko hei tirotiro mēnā kua heke te hapa yaw. Ki te kore, ka tīmata anō te huringa.
6. Te Hononga o te Mana Whakawā ki te Mana Whakawā me te Mana
Kāore te mana whakahaere i te piko o te waka e tū motuhake ana. I roto i ngā tāpine hou, e toru ngā mana whakahaere matua e tautoko ana:
– Whakahaere i te piko: ka huri i te koki o ngā mata hei whakahaere i te mana me te kawenga.
– Whakahaere tere hurihuri: ka whakarite i te hurihanga hurihuri (mā te whakaputa hiko me te kaitahuri).
– Mana whakakoi: kia anga te rotor ki te hau.
Hei tauira, i ngā hau tino kaha, ka uru pea te tāpine ki te aratau whakawhāiti mana i tētahi teitei. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga, ka taea te whakarite kia ātaahua ake te pūnaha yaw kia kore ai e piki ake te kawenga. I tetahi atu taha, i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakaputa noa, ka kaha ake te yaw kia eke ki te whai huatanga.
7. Ngā Wero me ngā Raru Noa i roto i ngā Pūnaha Yaw
a) Te hopu i te awaawa
Ka puta tēnei ina tino maha rawa ngā huringa o te ahunga o te tāpine i te hau nā te haruru o te tohu ahunga hau, nā te iti rawa rānei o te herenga. Ka hua ake tēnei i te pakaru o te motuka, o ngā pēraki, me ngā whāriki.
b) Te Whakamau o te Whatunga me te Taputapu
Nā te taumaha o ngā kawenga me te nekehanga auau, he mea nui te whakahinuhinu me te tirotiro. Mā te hē o te whakatakotoranga o te taputapu, te korenga o te whakahinuhinu, te urunga mai rānei o ngā poke ka tere ake te kino.
c) Te Rahunga o te Pūoko
Mena kua pakaru te whana hau, kei te hē rānei ngā pānui a te anemometer, tera pea kei te anga te tāpine ki te huarahi hē. He maha ngā tāpine e whakamahi ana i ngā tātaritanga me te tauutuutu hei kite i ngā pūoko hapa.
d) Te Herenga Hurihanga Taura
I ētahi hoahoa, ka taea e ngā taura hiko me ngā taura tohu i roto i te nacelle te miro mena ka tahuri rawa te yaw ki te taha kotahi. Nō reira, kei te wātea ngā pūnaha whakahaere miro, pērā i te pūoko miro me te tikanga wete miro, hei whakaora i te nacelle.
8. Te Manaaki me ngā Tikanga Pai rawa atu
Kia pai ai te mahi a te pūnaha yaw, ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere:
– Whakatikatikahia te pūoko ahunga hau i ia wā.
– Tirotiro i te pēra me te motuka: te pāmahana, te iahiko, me te urupare pēra.
– Whakahinuhinuhia ngā peera yaw me ngā taputapu kia rite ki te kaupapa here a te kaihanga.
– Tātari raraunga SCADA: aroturuki i te auau o te yaw, te roa, me ngā tauira hapa. Ka taea e ngā huringa o ngā tauira te tohu i ngā raruraru wawe.
– Te tirotiro ā-kanohi i te taputapu mowhiti, ngā pūtu, me te hanganga nacelle.
Whakamutunga
Ko te pūnaha whakahaere yaw te mea nui hei pupuri i ngā tāpine hau kia anga atu ki te hau, me te whakaputa hiko pai me te pupuri i ngā kawenga hanganga haumaru. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko tere me te ahunga o te hau, ka whakatauhia e te kaiwhakahaere te nui o te he hei whakatika, kātahi ka whakamahia te puku yaw mā te motuka ka pupuri i te tūranga me ngā pēra. Ko ngā rautaki pēnei i te deadband, te tātari tohu, me te takahi yaw ka whakamahia hei whakataurite i ngā whāinga e rua e taupatupatu ana: te urupare tere ki ngā huringa hau me te whakaiti i te kakahu o ngā wāhanga. Nā te mea e mahi ana i roto i ngā taiao tino kino, ā, e kawe ana i ngā kawenga nui, me whai hoahoa pono me te tiaki kua whakaritea ngā pūnaha yaw hei pupuri i te mahi tāpine tino pai puta noa i te roanga o te wā mahi.
