Te Whakaputa Hiko a ngā Pūkaha Pūkaha Hau
Ko ngā tāwhana hau tētahi o ngā hangarau pūngao hou e tere whanake ana i ngā tekau tau tata nei. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, ka kitea ngā rarangi tāwhana hau i te taha o ngā takutai moana, ngā pukepuke, tae noa ki te takutai moana, e whakamahi ana i te hau hei whakaputa hiko. Engari me pēhea te huri a te tāwhana hau i te pūngao "kore e kitea" o te hau hei hiko e taea ai te whakamārama i ngā rama, te whakahaere i ngā mīhini, te utu rānei i ngā taputapu hiko? Ko te mea nui kei roto i te tukanga hurihanga pūngao e puta ana i roto i te pūnaha tāwhana, inā koa ko te whakaputa hiko. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te āhua o te whakaputa hiko a te whakaputa hiko a te tāwhana hau, mai i te pupuhi o te hau tae noa ki te rite o te hiko ki te tuku ki te whatunga hiko.
1. Mai i te Pūngao Hau ki te Pūngao Mīhini: Te Tūranga o te Porowhita
I mua i te mahi a te miihini hiko, ka hopukina tuatahitia e te tāpine hau te pūngao nekeneke mai i te hau. Ka pā tēnei pūngao hau ki ngā mata i hangaia kia rite ki ngā parirau rererangi. Ko te āhua ā-rangi o ngā mata ka hanga i te ara ake ina pā te hau ki runga i ō rātou mata. Mā tēnei ara ake ka huri te rotor.
Kāore te tere o te hurihanga o te rotor i te pumau tonu, nā te mea he nui te pānga o te tere o te hau. Ko ngā tāpine hou he pūnaha whakahaere pitch ka taea te whakarerekē i te koki o te mata hei whakapai ake i te hopunga pūngao me te ārai i te kino i ngā hau kaha.
Ko tēnei hurihanga hurihuri te pūngao miihini tuatahi. Ka tukuna tēnei pūngao mā te pou ki te wāhanga pokapū o te tāpine, e kiia nei ko te nacelle, kei reira te nuinga o ngā wāhanga nui—tae atu ki te pouaka miihini (i roto i ētahi tauira), ngā parai, te pūnaha whakahaere, me te whakaputa hiko.
2. Pouaka me te Pouaka Taputapu: Te Whakatikatika i te Tere mō te Pūkaha
Kei roto i te nacelle te pou matua, e hono ana ki te rotor. He nui te taipana o tēnei pou engari he puhoi te hurihuri. I taua wā, he maha ngā momo whakaputa hiko e hiahia ana kia tere ake te hurihanga kia pai ai te whakaputa hiko.
Koinei te wāhi e whakamahia ai te pouaka hiko i roto i ngā pūnaha hau hau tuku iho. Ka whakanuia e te pouaka hiko te tere hurihuri o te pou matua ki te tere teitei ake i runga i te pou tere-teitei, kia pai ai mō ngā whakaputa hiko. Hei tauira, ka huri pea te rotor i te 10–20 rpm noa iho, kātahi ka piki ake ki ngā rau, ki ngā mano rānei o te rpm i mua i te urunga ki te whakaputa hiko, i runga i te hoahoa.
Heoi, kāore ngā tāpine katoa e whakamahi ana i ngā pouaka miihini. Kei reira anō ngā tāpine taraiwa-tika, he pūnaha e hono tika ana te rotor ki tētahi whakaputa hiko nui te whānui i hangaia hei huri i ngā tere iti. He iti ake ngā wāhanga neke o ngā tāpine taraiwa-tika, ā, he māmā ake te tiaki, ahakoa he nui ake te hanganga o te whakaputa hiko, ā, he nui ake pea te utu tīmatanga.
3. Mātāpono Taketake o te Pūnaha Whakaputa: Te Whakaoho Hikohiko
Kei te ngako o te tukanga whakaputa hiko i roto i ngā tāhū hau ko te whakapūtanga hikohiko, he mātāpono ā-tinana i whakamāramahia e Michael Faraday. He māmā noa iho, ina pāngia te kaiārahi hiko (hei tauira, he koiri waea) e te hurihanga o te papa aukume, ka puta he iahiko hiko ki roto i te kaiārahi hiko.
Ka whakamahia tēnei mātāpono e ngā whakaputa hiko mā te neke i tētahi wāhanga e kiia nei ko te rotor (te wāhanga hurihuri) e pā ana ki te stator (te wāhanga tūmau). I te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te rotor he aukume tuturu, he aukume hiko rānei, ko te stator ia he koiri waea parahi. I te hurihuri o te rotor, ka "tapahia" e te papa aukume e huri haere ana ngā koiri i roto i te stator, ka puta he ngaohiko hiko. Kātahi ka taea te whakawhiti i tēnei ngaohiko hei iahiko hiko.
Ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana e te mīhini whakaputa hau he aukume whakawhiti (AC). Ko tōna auau me te ngaohiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tere hurihuri o te mīhini whakaputa, te hoahoa takai, me te maha o ngā pou aukume.
4. Ngā momo whakaputa hiko i roto i ngā tāpine hau
He maha ngā momo whakaputa hiko e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tāpine hau o ēnei rā. Ko te whiriwhiri i te momo e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whakaritenga whakahaere, te whai huatanga, te utu, me te hototahi ki te whatunga hiko.
1. Pūnaha Whakaoho (Pūnaha Ā-Hononga)
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā miihini whakaputa hiko whakapūngao nā te mea he pakari te hanganga me te ōhanga ōrite. He iti noa te rerekētanga tere i waenga i te papa aukume me te rotor (paheke) o tēnei momo. I roto i ngā tono tāpine hau, i mua he maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā miihini whakaputa hiko whakapūngao i roto i ngā tāpine tere-pūmau. Ko te ngoikoretanga he iti ake te ngāwari o tā rātou whakahaere, ā, me utu pea te mana tauhohe.
2. Kaihanga Tukutahi (Kaihanga Tukutahi)
Ka whakaputahia e ngā whakaputa hiko tukutahi te iahiko AC i te auau e rite ana ki te tere o te rotor me te maha o ngā pou aukume. He maha ngā whakamahinga o tēnei momo whakaputa hiko i roto i ngā tāpine taraiwa-tika, i ngā tāpine rānei me ngā pūnaha kaitahuri katoa, nā te mea he nui ake te mana whakahaere i te kounga o te mana me te tere whakahaere.
3. DFIG (Hiko Whakaoho Whāngai-Rua)
He hangarau tino rongonui tēnei mō ngā tāwhana hau nui. Mā te DFIG ka taea e te tāwhana te whakahaere i ngā tere hau rerekē mā te whakamahi i tētahi kaitahuri mana wāhanga i roto i te rotor. Ko ngā painga ko te pai o te mahi me te whakaiti i te hiahia mō tētahi kaitahuri katoa, ka iti ake ngā utu ki te whakataurite ki ētahi atu pūnaha.
5. Mai i te Pūnaha Hanga ki te Whatunga: Te Tūranga o ngā Kaitahuri me ngā Whakawhiti
Kāore i te pai tonu te hiko mai i ngā whakaputa hiko mō te tohatoha tika ki te whatunga hiko. Me pumau te ngaohiko me te auau o te whatunga hiko (hei tauira, 50 Hz i Initonīhia), engari ka rerekē te tere o te tāpine me te hau. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tāpine hou ngā pūnaha hikohiko mana.
– Ko te mahi a te kaitahuri (Power Electronics Converter) he whakau i te auau me te whakahaere i te ngaohiko putanga. I roto i te pūnaha tere-rerekē, ka taea te huri i te hiko AC mai i te whakaputa hiko ki te DC, kātahi ka huri anō ki te AC i te auau e tika ana mō te whatunga hiko. Mā tēnei tukanga ka taea e te tāpine te hopu pūngao i te taumata tino pai i roto i ngā āhuatanga hau rerekē.
– Ka whakanuia e ngā whakawhiti hiko te ngaohiko o te hiko kia pai ai te tuku hiko. Nā te mea ka teitei ake te ngaohiko, ka iti ake te iahiko mō te mana kotahi, ā, ka whakaitihia te ngaronga wera i roto i ngā taura (ngaronga I²R). I muri i te whakanui ake, ka tukuna te hiko mā roto i ngā taura ki te teihana hiko, kātahi ki te whatunga tohatoha, ki te whatunga tuku hiko rānei.
6. Ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere me te Haumarutanga: Te Pupuri i te Whai Hua me te Manawanui
Ehara i te mea he poroporo me he whakaputa hiko noa iho te tāpine hau. Kei roto i tēnei he pūnaha whakahaere matatau e aroturuki tonu ana i te tere o te hau, te ahunga, te pāmahana o ngā wāhanga, te wiri, tae atu ki te kounga hiko.
– Ka hurihia te nacelle e te pūnaha yaw kia anga tonu ki te ahunga o te hau hei whakanui ake i te kaha hopu.
– Ka hurihia e te pūnaha papa te koki o te mata hei whakahaere i te hurihanga, hei whakanui ake i te pai, hei tiaki hoki i te tāpine i ngā hau nui.
– Ka whakamahia te pūnaha parai i ngā wā ohorere, i ngā wā tiaki rānei.
– Mā ngā pūoko me ngā SCADA ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te aroturuki i ngā āhuatanga o te tāpine me te whakarite i ngā mahi tiaki.
Mā ēnei pūnaha katoa ka whakarite kia haumaru te mahi a te mīhini whakaputa hiko, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te kino, ā, ka pupuri tonu i te pumau o te pūnaha hiko.
7. Hei whakarāpopototanga: Te Rere o te Huringa Pūngao i roto i ngā Tāpine Hau
Hei whakamāmā ake i te mārama, anei te rerenga māmā o ngā panonitanga pūngao:
1. Ka haria e te hau te pūngao nekeneke.
2. Ka hurihia e te poroporo hei pūngao miihini (hurihuri rotor).
3. Ka whakatikatika te rakau me te pouaka miihini (mēnā kei reira) i te tere hurihuri.
4. Ka hurihia e te pūngao miihini te pūngao hiko (AC) mā te whakapūngao hikohiko.
5. Ka whakarerekētia e ngā kaitahuri me ngā whakawhiti hiko te ngaohiko me te auau kia rite ki te whatunga.
6. Ka tukuna te hiko ki te whatunga hiko, ā, ka whakamahia e ngā kaihoko.
Te Katinga
Ka whakaputa hiko ngā miihini hau mā te whakamahi i te kaupapa o te whakapūtanga hikohiko—te huri i te hurihanga ā-pūkaha o te rotor ki te iahiko hiko mā te taunekeneke o ngā papa aukume me ngā koiri. Heoi, kāore te tukanga i te motuhake. Ko te angitu o te miihini hau ki te whakaputa hiko pumau me te whai hua e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te hoahoa hauhautanga o ngā poroporo, te pūnaha tuku (pouaka taputapu, puku-tika rānei), te momo miihini, me te mana whakahaere me te hikohiko mana kia rite ki te putanga ki ngā paerewa whatunga.
Nā te whanaketanga tonu o ngā hangarau, kei te kaha ake te whai huatanga o ngā tāhū hau, kei te pono ake, ā, kei te kaha ake hoki ki te noho hei wāhanga nui o te whakawhiti pūngao ma. Mai i te pupuhi noa o te hau, ka whānau mai te hiko e whakakaha ana i te oranga o ēnei rā—he tauira mārama o te mahi tahi a te pūtaiao me te hangarau mō tētahi heke mai pumau ake.
