Ngā Hanganga Tiaki me ngā Whare Tautoko i roto i ngā Whare Hiko Wai: Ngā Mahi me te Hiranga
He pūtake pūngao whakahou ngā tipu hiko wai (PLTA) e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha o te wai hei taraiwa i ngā tāpine hei whakaputa hiko. Ina kōrero te tangata mō ngā tipu hiko wai, ko te arotahi he maha ki ngā tāpae, ngā tāpine, me ngā whakaputa hiko. Heoi, ko te pono o tētahi tipu hiko wai e whakatauhia ana ehara i te mea ko ēnei wāhanga matua anake, engari ko ngā hanganga tiaki me ngā hanganga tautoko e mahi ana "i muri i ngā whakaaturanga." Mā ēnei hanganga ka whakarite kia haumaru, kia whai hua, kia mau tonu hoki te mahi a te tipu, me te tiaki i te whare mai i ngā mōrearea o te waipuke, te paru, te horo, me te korenga o te hanganga.
E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga ngā hanganga tiaki me ngā whare tautoko i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai, ā rātou mahi, me ngā take he mea nui ai ēnei huānga mō te haumaru me te mahi a te tipu.
1. Te Tūranga o ngā Hanganga Tiaki me ngā Whare Tautoko
I te nuinga o te wā, e toru ngā kaupapa matua o ngā hanganga tiaki me ngā hanganga tautoko i tētahi tipu hiko wai. Tuatahi, ka tiakina te tangata, te taiao, me ngā rawa o te tipu hiko mai i ngā tūponotanga wai me te hangarau whenua. Tuarua, ka whakarite kia haere tonu te mahi, ka taea ai e te tipu hiko wai te whakaputa pūngao tonu e ai ki ngā hiahia o te whatunga hiko. Tuatoru, ka whakaroahia te roa o te oranga o te whare mā te whakahaere i ngā kino i puta mai i ngā āhuatanga taiao (ngā ia, te paru, ngā rauemi e rere ana, ngā huringa pāmahana, me ngā rū whenua).
Ki te kore he hanganga tiaki e tika ana, ka noho ngāwari ngā tipu hiko wai ki ngā raruraru nui: ngā awaawa kua purua, ngā tāpine kua pakaru i te paru me te paru, te horo o ngā tāpae wai, tae noa ki te pakaru o ngā hanganga ka pā kino ki ngā hapori o raro.
2. Ngā Ara Waipuke me ngā Hanganga Taipuke: Te Whakahaere Waipuke me te Haumaru o ngā Pā
Ko tētahi o ngā hanganga tiaki tino nui ko te ara wai. Ko tana mahi he whakawhiti i te wai nui ina piki ake te rerenga o te awa, inā koa i te wā ua, i ngā huihuinga nui rānei. Ka āwhina te ara wai ki te pupuri i te taumata wai o te puna wai, kia kore ai e neke ake i te taumata haumaru ka nui rawa atu pea te wai i roto i te tāhuna.
Ko ngā arawhata wai he maha ngā kēti, he mea hanga rānei hei rerenga wai kore utu, i runga i ngā whakaritenga whakahaere. I raro i te arawhata wai, ka tāutahia he puna whakamārie, he ārai pūngao rānei hei whakaiti i te tere o te rere me te ārai i te horo o te awaawa me ngā hanganga e karapoti ana. Ki te kore he ārai pūngao, ka taea e te rerenga wai nui te whakahoro kino, ka whakararu i ngā turanga whare me te pumau o ngā tahataha awa.
3. Putanga Whakauru me te Whata Para: Ka Pupuri i te Ma o te Wai mai i te Rere o ngā Rauemi
Ka haere te wai e tomo ana ki te tāpine mā roto i tētahi hanganga whakauru. He whata para, he whatunga tātari rānei kei mua i te whakaurunga. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te rakau, i te para, me ngā rauemi nunui kei uru ki te awa wai. Mēnā ka uru ēnei mea, ka āraia pea ngā arai, ka pakaru te takirere, tae atu ki te pakaru o te tāpine nā te pānga.
Ehara i te mea ko ngā whata para anake hei tiaki i ngā tāpine engari hei tautoko hoki i te whai huatanga nā te mea ka whakaitihia e te rere ma te aueue me te ngaronga pūngao. He maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia ngā pūnaha horoi (ā-ringa, ā-mīhini rānei) hei whakarite i te mahi pai o ngā whata para, inā koa i te wā ua ina piki haere te rerenga o ngā rauemi.
4. Ngā Hongere Kawe, Ngā Kauhanga, me Ngā Penstock: Tukua te Wai ki te Haumaru
I muri i te putanga i te puna wai, ka rere te wai mā roto i tētahi awaawa, i tētahi kauhanga rānei, ki te puna wai. He paipa pēhanga teitei te puna wai e kawe tika ana i te wai ki te tāpine. Me hanga tēnei hanganga kia tino pakari hei tu atu i ngā pēhanga teitei, tae atu ki te hama wai (he ngaru pēhanga nā ngā huringa ohorere o te rere).
Ko te tiaki i ngā pene rakau ko te whakamahi i te maitai kaha-teitei, ngā poraka punga, me ngā taputapu haumaru pērā i ngā takirere matua me ngā takirere whakaora. Ehara i te mea ka mutu noa te whakaputa hiko i te pakaru o te pene rakau, engari ka tūpono hoki he mōrearea nui ki te haumaru, nā te mea ka taea e te wai pēhanga teitei te kino i te rohe e karapoti ana.
5. Tāke Pupuhi: Whakaū i te Pēhanga, Whakaitihia hoki te Hama Wai
Mō ngā tipu hiko wai me ngā kauhanga roa me ngā pene wai pēhanga teitei, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia he tāke ngaru. Ko tana mahi he whakaū i ngā piki me ngā heke o te pēhanga ina tere te huri o te kawenga o te tāpine. Ina mutu ohorere te tāpine, ka tino piki te pēhanga i roto i te pene wai. Ka whakaratohia e te tāke ngaru he "pikinga" wā poto mō te wai, ka ārai i ngā ngaru pēhanga nui rawa atu, ka kino hoki te paipa.
Ara, he hanganga tiaki te tāke ngaru e pupuri ana i te pumau o te pūnaha waipēhi, e whakaroa ana i te roa o te ora o te pene rakau, ā, e whakapai ake ana i te haumaru mahi.
6. Ngā Hanganga Whakakore Parapara me te Whakahaere Parapara
He raruraru nui te oneone mō ngā tipu hiko wai, inā koa i ngā wāhi e nui ana te horo o te wai i te taha whakarunga. Ka taea e ngā putunga oneone i roto i ngā puna wai te whakaiti i te kaha rokiroki, te whakaiti i te teitei o te hinganga, me te whakateretere i te pakū o ngā wāhanga o te tāpine.
Nō reira, he maha ngā tipu hiko wai e rite ana ki ngā hanganga whakahaere paru, pēnei i:
– He keti mō te waikeri paru, he tatau rānei mō te waikeri paru i te pūtake o te tāhuna hei tango i te paru ina nui te rerenga wai.
– He mea whakatārewa (he tāke taunga) hei wehe i te onepu i mua i te urunga o te wai ki roto i te rakau.
– Te horoi i te awaawa hei tango i te paru i roto i te pūnaha.
Ehara i te mea ko te tiaki noa iho te whakahaere paru, engari he rautaki hei pupuri i te mahi roa a te tipu hiko, hei whakaiti hoki i te utu o te whakakapi i ngā tāpine kua tawhito.
7. Ngā Taiepa Pupuri, te Parenga ki ngā Pari, me te Whakahaere i te Horo
Ka taea e te horonga huri noa i ngā tāhuna, ngā awaawa, me ngā awa e heke ana i te awa te whakaiti i te pumau o ngā hanganga. Nō reira, ka hangaia he taiepa pupuri, he tuanui, me ngā whakakaha pēnei i te gabions kōhatu, te riprap, te papa raima rānei.
Ko ēnei hanganga tiaki he ārai i ngā whenua horo, he pupuri i te teitei me te whakarārangi o ngā awaawa, me te tiaki i ngā rori urunga me ngā whare whakahaere. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ko te whakahaere i te horo te mea nui hei whakatau mēnā ka taea e tētahi whare te ora mō ngā tekau tau me te kore he whakatikatika nui.
8. Ngā Whare Pūngao me ngā Pūnaha Waikeri: Te Pono o te Whakahaere me te Haumaru Mahi
He whare hiko te whare hiko e noho ana i ngā tāpine, ngā whakaputa hiko, ngā pūnaha whakahaere, me ngā taputapu hiko nui. Haunga te noho hei pokapū whakaputa hiko, me whai pūnaha haumaru anō hoki te whare hiko: ngā papa ātete waipuke, ngā waikeri o roto, ngā poka me ngā papu, me ngā pūnaha hauhautanga me te tinei ahi.
He maha ngā wā ka warewarehia ngā pūnaha waikeri i ngā rohe o ngā tipu hiko wai, engari he mea nui ēnei hei ārai i ngā waipuke ka kino pea ngā taputapu hiko, ka puta rānei he ara iahiko poto. Ka pupuri hoki te waikeri i te pumau o ngā turanga whare mā te whakaiti i te pēhanga wai o roto i te oneone.
9. Ngā Rori Uru, ngā Piriti, me ngā Whare Tautoko Whakahaere
Me whai rori urunga, piriti, me ngā wāhi whakahaere mahi ngā tipu hiko wai hei tautoko i te nekenekehanga o ngā tāngata me te kawe taputapu taumaha. Ina hiahiatia he whakatikatika tāpine, he whakakapinga whakawhiti hiko, he tirotiro rānei i ngā tāpae, mā te urunga pai ka whakatau i ngā wā urupare, ā, ka whakaiti i te wā kore mahi o te tipu.
Ko ētahi atu whare tautoko ko ngā whare putunga wāhanga e manawapa ana, ngā awheawhe, ngā tari whakahaere, me ngā whare noho, ngā whare haumaru rānei. Mā ēnei katoa ka whakapakari ake i te rite o te mahi, inā koa i ngā tipu hiko wai e tawhiti ana i ngā pokapū o te tāone.
10. He aha te hiranga o tēnei hanganga?
Ka kitea te hiranga o ngā hanganga tiaki me ngā whare tautoko mai i ngā pānga matua e toru:
1. Te haumaru o te marea me te taiao
Ka pāhekoheko tika ngā tipu hiko wai ki ngā pūnaha awa. Ki te kore e whakahaeretia te waipuke, te horo, te pēhanga wai rānei, ka tūpono pea he tūponotanga mō ngā rohe o raro iho.
2. Te pono o te tuku hiko
Mā ngā raruraru iti pēnei i te aukati i ngā whata para, te nui rawa rānei o te oneone ka whakaiti i te whai huatanga, ā, ka mutu pea te mahi a te tipu. Mā ngā hanganga tautoko ka whakaitihia ngā raruraru, ka tere ake te whakaora.
3. Te whai huatanga o te utu mō te wā roa
He nui te haumitanga ki ngā pūnaha tiaki me te tautoko, engari he iti ake te utu i te utu mō te kino o ngā tāpine, te whakahoutanga o ngā tāpae, te ngaronga moni whiwhi rānei nā te wā kore mahi.
Te Katinga
He pūnaha uaua te tipu hiko wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mea maha atu i ngā tāpine me ngā whakaputa hiko anake. Kei muri i te angitu o tētahi tipu hiko he whatunga o ngā hanganga tiaki me ngā hanganga tautoko: ngā awa waipuke, ngā puna wai me ngā whata para, ngā ipu wai, ngā tāke ngaru, ngā pūnaha whakahaere paru, te tiaki i te horo, te waikeri, me ngā whakaurunga urunga me ngā whakaurunga whakahaere. Mā ēnei huānga ka taea te whakahaere haumaru me te whai hua i te wai e whakamahia ana hei pūtake hiko, me te whakarite hoki i te pumau tonu o te tipu hiko mō te wā roa.
Mā te mārama ki te mahi me te hiranga o ēnei hanganga, ka kite tātou ehara te hiko wai i te kaupapa hiko noa iho, engari he hanganga nui e hiahia ana kia whakamaheretia, kia hangaia, kia tiakina hoki kia haumaru ai, kia pumau ai hoki te hiko.
