Te Rerekētanga i waenga i te Kaplan Turbine me te Pelton Turbine i roto i te Whakaputa Hiko
Ko ngā tipu hiko wai (HPP) tētahi o ngā hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te whakaputa hiko matomato me te pumau. I roto i ngā HPP, he mahi nui tā ngā tāpine ki te huri i te kaha nekeneke me te kaha o te wai hei kaha miihini, ka hurihia hei kaha hiko mā te awhina o ngā miihini whakaputa hiko. E rua ngā momo tāpine e whakamahia pinepinetia ana i roto i ngā HPP ko te Kaplan Turbine me te Pelton Turbine. Ahakoa he rerekē te mahi a ēnei e rua i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te hoahoa, te tikanga mahi, ngā āhuatanga whakahaere, me ngā tono. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā Kaplan Turbines me ngā Pelton Turbines me tō rāua hiranga ki te whakaputa hiko hou.
1. Hoahoa me te Hanganga
He rerekētanga taketake kei roto i ngā hoahoa o ngā tāpine hiko o Kaplan me Pelton.
Kaplan Turbine
He tāpine tauhohe te tāpine Kaplan, he rite te hoahoa ki te poroporo o te kaipuke. Mā tēnei hoahoa ka taea e te wai te rere i te taha o te pou tāpine. Ko ētahi o ngā wāhanga matua o te tāpine Kaplan ko:
– Pūrere (Pūrere): He maha ngā mata whakarerekētanga hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga i ngā momo rere me ngā pane wai. Mā tēnei whakarerekētanga ka taea e te tāpine Kaplan te mahi pai i runga i te whānuitanga o ngā kawenga whakahaere.
– Ngā Wāhi Arataki: Ko te mahi a tēnei wāhanga he ārahi i te rere o te wai ki te kaikawe i te koki matau, kia pai ake ai te hurihanga pūngao.
– Ngongo Whakaheke: He waikeri kei raro i te pūwero e āwhina ana ki te whakaiti i te tere o te wai me te whakahoki mai i te pēhanga, kia piki ake ai te pai o te mahi.
Pelton Turbine
He tāpine hiko te tāpine Pelton e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tipu hiko he nui te upoko wai me te iti o te rere. Ko ngā wāhanga matua o te tāpine Pelton ko:
– Kaihoro: He maha ngā peere i hangaia hei whiwhi tika i te pana wai. Ka wehea e ia peere te pana wai kia rua ngā wāhanga, ka whakaiti i te nekehanga o te wai, ka huri i te kaha nekeneke hei kaha miihini.
– Pūwero me te Pūwero: Ka tukuna te wai e te pūwero ki roto i te peere i tētahi rahi me tētahi tere, kia taea ai te whakapai ake i te kaha e whakaputaina ana.
– Taupoki: Ka ārai i te pūwero hei arahi i te wai kua whakamahia ki waho i te pūnaha, hei ārai i te pa atu ki ētahi atu peere me te whakaiti i te aueue.
2. Tikanga Mahi
Kaplan Turbine
Ko te mahi a te tāpine Kaplan i runga i te mātāpono tauhohenga, ko ngā panonitanga o te pēhanga me te kaha nekeneke o te wai ka whai wāhi ki te hurihanga o te tāpine. I te rere o te wai mā roto i ngā ara ārahi ki runga i te kaikawe, ka heke te pēhanga wai, ka piki ake tōna tere, ka puta he kaha e huri ana i te kaikawe. Mā te whakarerekē i te koki o te mata ka taea e te tāpine Kaplan te mahi pai i raro i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga rere wai.
Pelton Turbine
Ka whakahaerehia te tāpine Pelton i runga i te mātāpono o te nekehanga, arā, ka tukuna te wai hei pupuhi tere-rahi mai i te pūwero ka pā ki te peere ki te kaikawe. I te pānga o te pupuhi wai ki te peere, ka whakawhitia te nekehanga o te wai ki te peere, ka huri te kaikawe. Whai muri i te pānga ki te peere, ka wehea te wai kia rua ngā wāhanga ka tukuna ki waho o te pūnaha hei ārai i te pokanoa ki ngā peere kē atu.
3. Ngā Tikanga Whakahaere
Kaplan Turbine
He pai rawa ngā tāpine Kaplan mō te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga rere nui o te wai me ngā taumata wai iti ki te taurite. He mea whakamahi noa i roto i ngā tāhuna awa nui me ngā tipu hiko nui me te rere tonu o te wai. Ko ngā āhuatanga whakahaere ko:
– Te Tukunga Wai (Te Rere o te Wai): Teitei
– Teitei o te Wai: Iti ki te Waenga (mai i te 2 mita ki te 70 mita)
– Te Rerekētanga: Ka taea te mahi pai i raro i ngā āhuatanga kawenga me te rere rerekē.
Pelton Turbine
He pai ngā tāpine Pelton mō ngā āhuatanga he nui te wai e rere ana, he iti hoki te rere. He mea whakamahi noa ēnei i ngā wāhi maunga, i ngā wāhi rānei he rerekē te teitei i waenga i te pūtake wai me te wāhi o te tāpine. Ko ngā āhuatanga whakahaere ko:
– Te Tukunga Wai (Te Rere o te Wai): Iti
– Upoko Wai (Upoko): Teitei (mai i te 100 mita ki te neke atu i te 1000 mita)
– Te Rerekētanga: Te whai huatanga tino pai i raro i ngā āhuatanga kawenga teitei nā te rere o te wai i roto i te pūwero.
4. Te Whakamahinga me te Whakamahinga
Kaplan Turbine
E whakamahia whānuitia ana te Kaplan Turbine i roto i ngā kaupapa tohatoha wai nui e hiahia ana ki ngā turbine kaha-nui me ngā whakarerekētanga whai hua ngāwari. Ko ētahi o ngā whakamahinga noa o te Kaplan Turbine ko:
– Te Whare Hiko o te Pā Awa: Te whakamahi i te wai rere nui o te awa hei whakaputa hiko.
– Pūnaha Whakamakuku me te Whakahaere Waipuke: Te urutau ki ngā rerekētanga o te rere o te wai mai i ngā awaawa whakamakuku me ngā tāhuna whakahaere waipuke.
– Te Whare Hiko Wai Tai: Ka urutau ki ngā panonitanga o ngā taumata wai i te wā tai nui me te tai iti.
Pelton Turbine
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā tāpine Pelton i roto i ngā kaupapa whakaputa hiko iti ki te rahi i ngā wāhi maunga, i ngā wāhi rānei e uru tonu ana te wai mai i ngā teitei nui. Ko ngā whakamahinga noa o ngā tāpine Pelton ko:
– Ngā Whare Hiko Hiko Wai Iti me te Iti: I ngā rohe he teitei te teitei o te whenua, pērā i ngā rohe maunga.
– Ngā Whare Hiko Motuhake: Te whakarato hiko ki ngā hapori tūmatanui, ki ngā whakaurunga rānei o waho o te tāone he nui te kaha o te wai.
– Te Whare Hiko Wai Iti: He iti, he māmā hoki, he pai mō ngā wāhi he iti te kaha engari he pumau ngā puna wai.
5. Te Whai Hua me te Mahi
Kaplan Turbine
He tino teitei te whai huatanga o ngā tāpine Kaplan, neke atu i te 90% i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino pai. Mā te āheinga ki te whakarerekē i ngā koki o te mata ka taea e ngā tāpine Kaplan te mahi pai puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga rere me te kawenga, ka waiho hei whiringa pai mō ngā tono e hiahia ana kia tino ngāwari.
Pelton Turbine
He tino teitei hoki te whai huatanga o ngā tāpine Pelton, tata ki te 85-90%. Ahakoa kāore i a rātou te tikanga whakarite mata o ngā tāpine Kaplan, ka noho tonu tō rātou whai huatanga pai rawa atu i raro i te upoko wai teitei me ngā āhuatanga rere arotahi. Ka mau tonu te whai huatanga mā te hoahoa o te pūwero e tohutohu tika ana i te pupuhi wai.
Whakamutunga
Mō te whakaputa hiko wai, he pai ngā painga me ngā whakamahinga o ngā tāpine Kaplan me Pelton i runga i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. He tino pai ngā tāpine Kaplan ki ngā pane wai rere nui, iti ki te reo, ā, mā te āheinga whakarite mata ka taea e rātou te urutau ki te whānuitanga o ngā kawenga me ngā rerenga. Ko ngā tāpine Pelton ia, he mea hanga motuhake mō ngā āhuatanga pane wai rere iti, ā, nā te hoahoa peere motuhake, ka taea e rātou te whakatutuki i te tino pai i raro i ēnei āhuatanga.
Ko te whiriwhiri i waenga i te tāpine Kaplan me te tāpine Pelton me ahu mai i te tātaritanga hohonu o ngā rauemi wai e wātea ana, ngā hiahia pūngao, me te whenua o te rohe. Mā te mārama tika ki ngā rerekētanga me ngā tono pai, ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā tipu hiko wai hei whakaputa hiko me te whai hua, te pono, me te pumau.
