Te Hurihanga a ngā Tīpuna i te Pūngao Kinetic o te Wai hei Pūngao Mīhini
He auahatanga hangarau ngā tāpine wai kua tino pā ki te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi taiao, inā koa i te ao whakaputa hiko. He kaupapa māmā engari he mea whakamiharo te mahi a ngā tāpine wai: te huri i te kaha nekeneke o te wai e rere ana hei kaha miihini. Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei kaha miihini mō ngā momo kaupapa, mai i te taraiwa mīhini ki te whakaputa hiko. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka ruku hohonu tātou ki te mahi a ngā tāpine wai me te huri i te kaha nekeneke o te wai hei kaha miihini.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o ngā Tāpine Wai
He taputapu hurihanga pūngao te tāpine wai e whakamahia ana hei huri i te pūngao nekeneke o te wai e neke ana hei pūngao miihini. Ko ēnei tāpine ka whakanohoia ki roto i ngā awa, i ngā tāpua rānei, ka rere te wai i te tere tere. I te rere o te wai i roto i te tāpine, ka huri ngā mata, ka huri i te pou o te tāpine. Ko te tikanga, ka mahi ngā tāpine wai i runga i ngā mātāpono taketake o te ahupūngao, arā, te tiaki i te pūngao me ngā ture nekehanga a Newton.
Ko te pūngao nekeneke he momo pūngao e mau ana i tētahi mea nā tōna nekehanga. Ina rere te wai i tētahi tere, ka mau i a ia te pūngao nekeneke ka taea te huri hei pūngao miihini. Ka whakamahia e ngā tāwhana wai te nekehanga o te wai e rere ana hei akiaki i ngā mata e hono ana ki te pou tāwhana. I te rere o te wai i runga i ngā mata tāwhana, ka huri ngā mata mā te nekehanga o te wai e rere ana. Ka tukuna tēnei hurihanga ki te pou, ka taraiwa i tētahi whakaputa hiko, i tētahi atu mīhini rānei.
Ngā momo Tāpine Wai
He maha ngā momo tāpine wai e whakamahia ana i runga i ā rātou tikanga whakahaere me ngā āhuatanga rere wai, arā:
1. Pelton Turbine
Ko ngā tāpine Pelton e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rerenga wai he nui te upoko engari he iti te tere o te rere. Kei roto i ēnei tāpine he kapu, he peere rānei kei te taha o te wira. Ina werohia te wai pēhanga teitei ki roto i ngā kapu mā te pūwero, ka huri ngā kapu, ka huri i te wira matua, ka whakaputa i te pūngao miihini.
2. Tāpine Francis
E whakamahia ana ngā tāpine Francis i roto i ngā rerenga wai he āhua pai te pane me te rerenga wai. Ka whakahaerehia ēnei tāpine mā te whakamahi i ngā mata piko me te arahi i te wai mā roto i te porowhita. Ka hurihia e te rerenga wai e haere mai ana ngā mata me te pou tāpine. He whai hua ēnei tāpine i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga rerenga wai, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai.
3. Kaplan Turbine
He rite te tāpine Kaplan ki te tāpine Francis engari he mea hanga motuhake mō ngā rerenga wai iti te pane, tere te rere. Ka taea te whakapiko i ngā mata o te tāpine Kaplan kia nui ake te whai huatanga i runga i te rere o te wai e tomo mai ana.
Te Tukanga o te Tahuri i te Pūngao Kinetic o te Wai ki te Pūngao Mīhini
Ko te tukanga o te huri i te pūngao nekeneke o te wai ki te pūngao miihini ka whai i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
1. Te Hopu Pūngao
Ka tukuna te wai e rere ana mā roto i te paipa tomo, ki ngā mata o te tāpine. I tēnei wā, ka hurihia te pūngao pūmanawa o te wai (ina koa i roto i ngā tāpine pane-teitei) hei pūngao nekeneke i te mea ka rere te wai i te tere tere mā roto i te pūwero, i te paipa rānei.
2. Te Hurihanga o te Pūngao Kinetic
Ina pā te wai ki ngā mata o te tāpine, ka whakawhitia te nekehanga o te rere o te wai ki ngā mata, ka huri ai. Ka hangaia he pūngao miihini i roto i te pou tāpine mā tēnei hurihanga. I runga i te hoahoa o te tāpine, ka taea te whakahāngai i te rere o te wai ki te taha tuaka, ki te taha porohita rānei kia pai ai te pā atu ki ngā mata o te tāpine.
3. Te Hurihanga o te Pūngao Mīhini
Ka taea te whakamahi tika i te pūngao miihini mai i te pou tāpine hei taraiwa i ngā taputapu miihini, ka taea rānei te whakawhiti ki tētahi mīhini whakaputa hiko hei whakaputa hiko. I roto i ngā tipu hiko wai (PLTA), ko te hurihanga o te pou tāpine ka taraiwa i te rotor o te mīhini whakaputa hiko, e whakaputa hiko ana mā te whakamahi i tētahi papa aukume.
4. Te Tohatoha Hiko
Kātahi ka tohatohahia te hiko kua whakaputaina mā roto i ngā raina tuku hiko mō te whakamahinga o te whare me te ahumahi. Me āta whakahaere me te āta whakahaere i tēnei tukanga kia mau ai te hiko me te au hiko me te au hiko.
Ngā Painga o te Whakamahi i ngā Tāpine Wai
He maha ngā painga o te whakamahinga o ngā tāpine wai, tae atu ki:
1. Pūngao Whakahou
He rauemi whakahou te wai hei pūtake pūngao, ā, e wātea ana i ngā wāhi maha o te ao. Mā te whakamahi i te wai, ka taea e tātou te whakaiti i tō tātou whakawhirinaki ki ngā wahie pūmua kāore e taea te whakahou, ā, ka kino pea ki te taiao.
2. He pai mō te taiao
Kāore he tukunga waro e puta mai ana i te whakamahinga o ngā tāpine wai, nō reira kāore e whai wāhi atu ki te parahanga o te hau me te huringa āhuarangi. Mō te wā roa, mā te whakamahi i tēnei pūngao ma ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao.
3. Ngā Utu Whakahaere Iti
I muri i te tāutanga tuatahi, he iti noa ngā utu whakahaere o te tāpine wai. He iti noa te tiaki e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tāpine, ā, ka taea te mahi mō ngā tau me te iti noa o te wawaotanga. Nā tēnei ka waiho te haumi ki te tāpine wai hei huarahi pai rawa atu mō te utu me te whai hua o te pūngao.
4. Te Oranga me te Pono
E mōhiotia ana ngā tipu hiko wai mō tō rātou pono. He rere tonu te wai, inā koa i roto i ngā tāhuna nui, ā, he pūtake pūngao pumau, pumau hoki i te ao, i te pō.
Ngā Wero me ngā Otinga i roto i te Whakamahinga o ngā Tāpine Wai
Ahakoa ngā painga maha, he maha ngā wero kei te pā mai ki te whakamahinga o ngā tāpine wai, tae atu ki:
1. Ngā Pānga ki te Taiao ā-Rohe
Ka taea e te hanganga tāhuna me te tāutanga o ngā tāhuna te whakararuraru i ngā rauropi ā-rohe me ngā kararehe mohoao. Heoi, mā te whakamahere whānui me te hangarau hou, ka taea te whakaiti i ēnei pānga. Hei tauira, mā te hangarau hou ka taea te waihanga i ngā ara hekenga ika hei karo i te whakararuraru i ō rātou kāinga tūturu.
2. Te Whakaiti i te Tukunga Wai
I ētahi wā, ka heke te rere o te wai nā te huringa āhuarangi, nā te whakamahinga wai rānei i ētahi atu rāngai, ka taea te whakaiti i te whai huatanga o ngā tāpine. Mā te whakarahi ake i ngā pūtake pūngao me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau whai hua mō te wai ka taea te whakaiti i tēnei pānga.
3. Ngā Utu Pūtea Tuatahi
He tino nui te utu mō te whakaputa hiko wai, engari ka taea tēnei te whakakore mā ngā painga mō te wā roa, arā, ko te iti o ngā utu whakahaere me te roa o te ora ratonga.
Mā te mārama ki te mahi a ngā tāwhana wai me ōna painga, ka kitea e tātou te mahi nui a tēnei hangarau ki te whakawhiti ki ngā pūtake pūngao ma, pumau ake. Ehara i te mea he otinga whai hua noa iho ngā tāwhana wai mō te whakaputa pūngao engari he whakaata hoki i ngā mahi a te tangata ki te whakamahi i te taiao me te mohio me te kawenga.
