Te Tukanga Hanga Kirihou Whakamahana me Tōna Whakamahinga i roto i te Ahumahi Hikohiko
Ko ngā kirihou whakamahana (ngā huinga whakamahana rānei) he rōpū pūmua e pāngia ana e ngā huringa matū tuturu ina whakamahanatia, ina whakakorikoria rānei, ka hanga he hanganga whatunga toru-ahu (hononga whakawhiti). Kāore i rite ki ngā kirihou whakamahana, ka taea te whakarewa me te hanga anō i ngā wā katoa, ko ngā kirihou whakamahana, ina "whakapakaritia," kāore e taea te whakarewa anō me te kore e pirau. Nā tēnei āhuatanga ka tino pai ake ngā kirihou whakamahana mō ngā tono e hiahia ana ki te ātete wera nui, te pumau o te taha, me te ātete hiko pai—ngā āhuatanga he mea nui i roto i te umanga hikohiko.
Ngā Āhuatanga Matua o ngā Kirihou Whakamahana
I mua i te matapaki i te tukanga hanga, he mea nui kia mārama ki ngā take e whiriwhiria whānuitia ai te thermosetting i roto i ngā hikohiko:
1. Ātete ki te wera, ā, kāore e ngāwari te whakangawari: Kia maroke, ka noho pumau tonu te rauemi i ngā pāmahana mahi teitei ake i te nuinga o ngā kirihou wera.
2. Te pumau o ngā āhuatanga: He iti ake te whakaheke me te whakarerekētanga, he mea nui mō ngā wāhanga tino tika.
3. Ngā āhuatanga pai o te ārai hiko: He nui te kaha o te dielectric me te ātete teitei o te nuinga o ngā kapia thermosetting.
4. Ātete matū me te makuku: He pai mō te tiaki i ngā ara iahiko mai i te waikura, i ngā taiao makuku rānei.
5. Te kaha me te pūmau o te mīhini: He pūmau ake te nuinga, inā koa ka whakapakaritia ki ngā muka (hei tauira, te muka karāhe).
Ngā tauira rongonui o te whakapūmau wera: epoxy, phenolic (Bakelite), melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, unsaturated polyesters, me ngā polyurethanes whakapūmau wera.
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Ngā Wāhanga Whānui o te Tukanga Hanga Kirihou Whakamahana
Ahakoa he rerekē i runga i te momo kapia, ko te tikanga whānui ko te tukanga hanga hua thermosetting ka whai i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei.
1. Te Hanga Resin: Te Whakatau i te Rauemi "Tunu"
Ka tīmata te tukanga mā te whiriwhiri i te kapia turanga me te kaiwhakamārō/whakaora. I tēnei wāhanga, ka tāpirihia hoki e ngā kaihanga ētahi atu tāpiri hei whakatika i ngā āhuatanga:
– Ngā whakakī pēnei i te silica, te konupūmā kāponāte, te alumina trihydrate: ka whakanui ake i te kaha, ka whakaiti i ngā utu, ka whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga wera.
– Ngā whakapakari (whakapakari) pērā i te muka karāhe, te muka waro, te aramid: ka whakanui ake i te kaha kume me te ātete ki te pānga.
– Ārai mura: he mea nui mō ngā paerewa haumaru hiko (hei tauira, UL 94).
– Ngā tae: te tautuhi tae me ngā wāhanga.
– Kaiwhakaoho/whakateretere: ka whakateretere i te tauhohenga whakamaroke.
– Kaiwhakaahua (i roto i ētahi hanganga): e whakahaere ana i te ngāwari.
– Kaihoko honohono: ka whakanui ake i te hononga i waenga i te kapia me te whakakī/whakapakari.
He mea nui tēnei whakatakotoranga i roto i te umanga hikohiko nā te mea me tutuki i ngā wāhanga ngā whakaritenga pakari pēnei i te ātete ki te wera o te whakapiringa, te mahi dielectric, me te ātete ki te makuku.
2. Te Whakaranu me te Wetewete Hau
Ka whakaranua te kapia, te whakapakeke, te whakakī, me ngā tāpiringa mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini whakaranu ahumahi (he mīhini whakaranu aorangi, he mīhini whakaranu kutikuti-teitei, he mīhini whakaputa tīwiri-rua rānei mō ētahi pūnaha). Mō ngā mahi hikohiko, he maha ngā wā ka mahia te tango hau korehau hei tango i ngā mirumiru hau. Ka taea e ngā mirumiru te noho hei ngoikore ā-mīhini, ā, ka puta he rahunga hiko (hei tauira, he tukunga wāhanga i roto i ngā ārai).
3. Te Hanga/Te Whakairo
He rerekē ki ngā kirihou werawera, e rewa ana, kātahi ka werowerohia, ka hangaia ngā kapia werawera i te mea he wai tonu/mataku, he āhua rite rānei (hei tauira, he rite ki ngā matū kirikiri/pellet hei hanga i te whakakōpeketanga). Ko ngā tikanga hanga noa ko:
a. Te Whakarewatanga Kōpeketanga
Ka whakatakotoria ngā rauemi whakamahana (hei tauira, ngā matū whakakikorua phenolic) ki roto i tētahi pokepokea wera, kātahi ka pēhia. Mā te wera me te pēhanga ka whakamaroke te hua kia mārō rawa.
– Ngā Painga: he pai mō ngā wāhanga hiko pēnei i ngā pana, ētahi whare, me ngā ārai hiko.
– Ngā huakore: ka roa ake te huringa tukanga i te whakarewa werohanga kirihou.
b. Te Whakawhiti Whakarewa
He rite ki te whakapūtanga kōpeketanga, ka whakamahanahia te rauemi i roto i te kohua, kātahi ka "whakawhitia" ki roto i te kōhao o te whakapūtanga mā roto i ngā awaawa. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei tikanga mō te whakakī i ngā wāhanga haurua-haurua (takai IC) mā te whakamahi i ngā matū whakapūtanga kapia epoxy.
– Ngā Painga: he ōrite te whakakī i te pokepokea ai mō ngā āhua uaua.
– He tino whai tikanga mō ngā mōkihi IC, ngā diode, me ngā transistors.
c. Te Hanga Werohanga Tauhohenga (RIM)
Ka whakaranua kia rua, kia neke atu rānei ngā wāhanga wai (hei tauira, te polyurethane) ka werohia ki roto i tētahi pokepokea ai, ā, ka tauhohe, ka whakapakeke i roto.
– He pai mō ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana kia whakakotahitia te kaha me te taumaha māmā.
– E whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi wāhanga hiko e hiahia ana ki te ātete ki te taiao.
d. Te Whakapiripiri me te Whakakī
Mō ngā rauemi pēnei i te FR-4 (papa PCB e hangai ana ki te epoxy me te muka karāhe), ko te tukanga he whakakī i te kakahu muka karāhe ki te kapia epoxy (prepreg), kātahi ka pania ki te pēhanga me te wera.
– Putanga: pepa whakarewa mō te PCB, he pai ngā āhuatanga hiko-kore me te ātete wera.
4. Te Whakamaroke: Te Hiranga o te Whakamahana
Ko te whakamaroke te tukanga honohono e huri ai te kapia hei totoka mārō, pumau. Ka taea te whakaoho i te whakamaroke mā te:
– Te wera (te whakamaroke wera)
– Kaiwhakateretere/whakateretere
– Te hihi UV (mō ētahi kapia motuhake, hei tauira, te epoxy ka taea te whakaora i te hihi UV i ētahi whakamahinga)
– Te whakakotahitanga o te wera me te wā (he maha ngā wā ka mahia te whakamaroke i muri i te whakamaroke kia eke ki ngā āhuatanga tino pai)
Ngā tawhā whakaora nui:
– Te pāmahana pokepokea ai/oum
– Te wā whakamaroke
– Pēhanga (mō te whakahāngai)
– Te ōwehenga o te kapia:te whakapakeke
– Te whakawera (whakapiki ake) hei ārai i ngā āputa, i ngā pakaru rānei nā ngā tauhohenga werawera
I roto i te umanga hikohiko, ko te mana whakamaroke e whakatau ana i te kounga: ki te kore e tino tika te whakamaroke ka pakaru, ka ngatata, ka toe ngā haunga, ka heke rānei te whakamarumaru hiko.
5. Te Whakaoti, te Mīhini me te Mana Kounga
I muri i te whakamaroke, ka taea e ngā wāhanga te haere i roto i:
– te kutikuti (te tapahi tere)
– te keri/te mīhini (i runga i ngā papa whakairo, i ētahi wāhanga rānei)
– paninga tāpiri, paninga rānei
– te tirotiro ā-ahua me te tirotiro ā-kanohi
Ko te whakahaere kounga mō ngā hikohiko he maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki:
– whakamātautau kaha hiko-kore
– whakamātautau aroturuki me te ātete pewa
– whakamātautau ātete wera
– whakamātautau mimiti makuku
– whakamātautau pono (huringa wera, whakamātautau wiri, whakamātautau koroheketanga)
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Ngā tono whakamahana i roto i te umanga hikohiko
1. Te Whakakī me te Tākai i te Ārai-Haumaru
Ko te kapia epoxy te matū hanga pai mō ngā ara iahiko whakauru. Ko āna mahi:
– ka tiaki i ngā maramara me ngā hononga waea mai i te makuku, te puehu me te pānga
– e whakarato ana i te pumau ā-mīhini
– ka āwhina i te whakamarara wera (ina koa mēnā ka tāpirihia he whakakī kawe wera pēnei i te alumina)
Ko te whakawhiti whakakoi te mea e whakamahia ana mō te whakaputa papatipu o ngā mōkihi IC.
2. Papaaho PCB (Papa Arahiko Tā)
Ko te FR-4 epoxy-fiberglass laminate te paerewa o te ahumahi. Ōna painga:
– te whakamarumaru hiko teitei
– te pumau pai o ngā āhuatanga
– te tukanga whakapiri ātete wera
– he kaha ā-pūkaha e ranea ana hei tautoko i ngā wāhanga
Haunga te FR-4, kei reira anō ngā paparanga phenolic (he iti ake te utu) mō ngā hikohiko māmā, ahakoa he iti ake te mahi.
3. Te Whakatō me te Paninga Āhua-rite
Ka whakamahia te whakamahana mō te whakakī (te whakakī me te "hiri" i ngā ara iahiko i roto i te kapia) i roto i ngā pūtake hiko, i ngā taraiwa LED, i ngā pūoko, i ngā waeine motuka rānei. Ko ōna painga ko:
– te tiaki i te wai, te wiri me ngā matū
– ārai i te urunga ā-tinana (ārai i te whakarerekētanga)
– ka whakanui ake i te whakamarumaru me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā ara iahiko poto
4. Ngā Wāhanga Ārai me ngā Taputapu Hiko
Ka whakamahia ngā kapia phenolic, melamine, epoxy rānei mō:
– whare whakawhiti
– poraka whakamutunga
– ārai
– ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana kia ātete ki te wera me te ātete ki te pewa
He pai ake ngā huinga whakamahana nā te mea kāore e ngohengohe ina piki ake te pāmahana o te rohe.
5. Piripiri Hiko
Ka whakamahia hoki ngā epoxies whakamahana hei:
– he piripiri hanganga mō ngā wāhanga
– te kore e whakakīia te BGA/CSP hei whakanui ake i te ātete ki te huringa wera
– te whakapiripiri i te piri ki runga i ētahi momo mōkihi haurua-ā-ira
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Ngā Wero me ngā Auahatanga Whakawhanake
Ahakoa ōna painga, he iti noa ngā ngoikoretanga o te thermosetting: he uaua ki te hangarua mā te mīhini nā te mea kāore e taea te whakarewa anō. I tēnei wā, kei te anga whakamua te ahumahi ki:
– he iti te hanganga VOC, ā, he pai ake mō te taiao
– ngā huinga wera me ngā āheinga wete-hononga, ngā whatunga hihiri rānei (ngā vitrimer) he māmā ake te tukatuka anō
– te whakapiki ake i te kawe wera mō ngā whakaritenga taputapu mana teitei
– te whakaiti i te ahotea ā-roto hei karo i te pakaru i roto i ngā kete haurua-ā-roto o te whakatupuranga hou
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Whakamutunga
Ko te tukanga hanga mō ngā kirihou whakamahana e aro ana ki te hanganga me te whakamaroke i te kapia, ka hua ake he hanganga honohono tuturu. Mā ngā tikanga hanga pēnei i te whakakoi pēhi, te whakakoi whakawhiti, te RIM, me te whakapiripiri ka taea e ngā whakakoi whakamahana te whakamahi whānuitia i roto i ngā hikohiko—mai i te takai IC me ngā PCB ki te kohua mōrahi me ngā wāhanga whakamahana. I te mea kei te piki haere te tono a ngā hikohiko hou mō te ātete wera, te tiaki taiao, me te pumau o ngā āhuatanga, kei te noho tonu te whakakoi whakamahana hei rauemi matua, e akiaki ana i te auahatanga mō te pai ake o te mahi me te pumau.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi putanga hangarau ake (me ngā tauira o ngā tawhā whakamaroke, ngā momo whakapakeke epoxy, ngā paerewa UL/IPC rānei) ki tētahi putanga rongonui ake rānei mō ngā kaipānui whānui.
