Te Tūranga o ngā Pūtau Toto Mā i roto i te Pūnaha Ārai Mate
He tikanga tiaki matatini te pūnaha ārai mate o te tangata, he mea nui kia ora ai i roto i tētahi taiao e pāngia ana e ngā mate kino pea pērā i te huakita, te huaketo, te harore, me ngā pirinoa. Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei pūnaha matatini ko ngā toto toto mā (WBC), e mōhiotia ana ko ngā leukocyte. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka hangaia i roto i te hinu wheua, ka rere haere ēnei pūtau puta noa i te toto me te pūnaha lymphatic, e āhei ai rātou ki te aroturuki me te whawhai tonu ki ngā mate me ētahi atu mate. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te tūranga nui o ngā toto toto mā i roto i te pūnaha ārai mate, me te whakaatu i ō rātou momo, ngā mahi, me ngā tikanga mahi.
Ngā Momo Pūtau Toto Mā
He maha ngā momo pūtau toto mā, he mahi motuhake tā ia momo. Ka taea te whakarōpū whānuitia kia rua ngā rōpū: ngā granulocytes me ngā agranulocytes.
Granulosit
Ko te āhua o ēnei pūtau he granules kei roto i ō rātou cytoplasm, ā, ko ēnei ngā mea e whai ake nei:
1. Ngā Neutrophil: E 60-70% o ngā WBC katoa te nui o ēnei, ā, ko ngā neutrophil te hunga tuatahi e whakautu ana ki te mate huakita. He tino whai hua rātou ki te phagocytosis, ki te horomi me te nakunaku i ngā pathogens e whakaeke ana.
2. Ngā Eosinophil: He mahi nui tā ēnei pūtau ki te tiaki i a rātou mai i ngā mate pirinoa, ā, ka whakatikatika hoki i ngā urupare mumura mate pāwera. Ka taea e ngā Eosinophil te tuku i ngā matū paitini hei patu i ngā pirinoa nunui kāore e taea te whakapūpū.
3. Ngā Basophil: Ahakoa he iti ake te nui, he mea nui ngā basophil ki te whakahaere i ngā tauhohenga mate pāwera mā te tuku i te histamine me te heparin. Ka āwhina hoki rātou ki te whakarite i te urupare ārai mate o te tinana mā te tuku i ngā ngota tohu e mōhiotia ana ko ngā cytokine.
Ngā Agranulocytes
Kāore he kikorangi e kitea ana i roto i ngā agranulocytes, ā, ko ēnei ngā mea kei roto:
1. Ngā pūtau toto toto: E 20-25% o ngā pūtau toto toto (WBC) te nui o ngā pūtau toto toto, ā, he mea nui ēnei mō te urupare ārai mate urutau. Kua wehea anō ēnei ki:
– Ngā pūtau-B: Mā rātou e whakaputa ngā paturopi, ka mōhio, ka herea hoki e ngā pūtau-B ki ngā antigens motuhake, ka tīmata te urupare ārai mate humoral.
– Ngā pūtau-T: Kei roto i ēnei te ārai mate e whakahaerehia ana e te pūtau. Kua wehea ngā pūtau-T ki ngā pūtau-T āwhina (CD4+), e āwhina ana i ētahi atu pūtau ārai mate, me ngā pūtau-T paitini (CD8+), e whakangaro ana i ngā pūtau pangia, ngā pūtau matepukupuku rānei.
– Ngā pūtau Kaikōhuru Taiao (NK): Ka tere te urupare a ēnei pūtau ki ngā pūtau kua pangia e te huaketo, ki te hanganga pukupuku rānei mā te whakaoho i te apoptosis (te mate pūtau kua whakaritea).
2. Ngā monocyte: Ko te momo WBC nui rawa atu, ka taea e rātou te wehewehe hei macrophages me ngā pūtau dendritic, he mea nui ēnei mō te phagocytosis me te whakaaturanga antigen.
Ngā Mahi a ngā Pūtau Toto Mā
Te Mōhiotanga me te Urupare mō ngā Mate Tuku Iho
Ko te mahi matua a ngā pūtau toto mā he kite me te urupare ki ngā mate urutā. Kei roto i tēnei ko:
1. Phagocytosis: Ka horomia, ka nakunakuhia hoki e ngā neutrophil, ngā monocyte, me ngā macrophage ngā huakita. Ka taea e ēnei pūtau te kite i ngā tauira ngota ngota e pā ana ki te huakita (PAMP) mā roto i ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi mohio tauira (PRR) pērā i ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi Toll-like (TLR), ka āwhina i te urupare tere me te whai hua.
2. Te Whakaaturanga o te Paturopi: Whai muri i te phagocytosis, ka whakaatuhia e ngā macrophages me ngā pūtau dendritic ngā wāhanga o te pathogen (antigens) ki ngā pūtau-T. He mea nui tēnei whakaaturanga antigen mō te whakahohe i te urupare ārai mate urutau, inā koa mō te whakaputa i ngā paturopi motuhake ki te pathogen.
Te whakangaromanga o ngā pūtau pangia
Kia uru ki roto i te tinana, ka taea e ētahi mate me te mate pukupuku te huna i roto i ngā pūtau. Hei whawhai i tēnei, ka kitea, ka whakangaromia hoki e ngā pūtau-T paitini me ngā pūtau-NK ēnei pūtau kua pakaru. Mā tēnei urupare a ngā pūtau ka kore e horapa te mate.
Te Hanganga o ngā Paturopi
Ko ngā pūtau-B te kawenga mō te whakaputa i ngā paturopi, arā, ngā pūmua e herea motuhake ana ki ngā antigens. Kia herea, ka whakakorea e ēnei paturopi ngā paitini, ka whaka-opsonize (tohu mō te whakangaromanga) i ngā pathogens, ā, ka whakahohe i ētahi atu wāhanga o te pūnaha ārai mate, tae atu ki te pūnaha tāpiri.
Te Whakawhitinga o te Whakautu Ake
He mea nui ngā basophil me ngā eosinophil ki te whakarerekē i te urupare ārai mate, inā koa i ngā wā o ngā mate pāwera me ngā mate pirinoa. Mā te tukunga o te histamine me ētahi atu matū mai i ēnei pūtau ka āwhina i te whakahaere i te kaha me te āhua o te urupare ārai mate.
Nga Mahi Mahi
Te Mōhiotanga me te Tohu
Ka whakamahia e ngā pūtau toto mā he huinga kaiwhakawhiwhi hei tautuhi i ngā mate pukupuku. Hei tauira, ka tautuhia e ngā TLR ngā wāhanga motuhake o ngā whakaekenga moroiti, pērā i ngā lipopolysaccharides (LPS) i runga i ngā mata huakita. Ina kitea e ēnei kaiwhakawhiwhi he mate pukupuku, ka whakaohohia e rātou ngā rerenga tohu ā-roto, ka ārahi ki te whakahohenga o ngā urupare ārai mate.
Chemotaxis
Ko te chemotaxis e pā ana ki te nekehanga o ngā toto toto mā ki te wāhi e pangia ana e te mate hei whakautu ki ngā tohu matū. Mā tēnei tukanga ka whakarite kia kohikohia ngā toto toto ki ngā wāhi e pangia ana kia pai ai te patu i ngā mate pukupuku.
Apoptosis
Ka taea e ētahi pūtau toto mā, pērā i ngā pūtau NK me ngā pūtau T cytotoxic, te whakaoho i te apoptosis i roto i ngā pūtau kua pangia e te huaketo, e te matepukupuku rānei. Ka tukuna e rātou te perforin hei hanga i ngā pūwero i roto i te kiriuhi pūtau ūnga, ā, muri iho ka whai mai ngā whākōkī pērā i ngā granzyme e whakaoho ana i te apoptosis.
Hanga Kawenga
Ko ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te maha, o ngā mahi rānei o ngā pūtau toto ma he tohu pea mō ngā momo mate maha.
Te Tau WBC Teitei (Leukocytosis)
Ka taea te hono atu ki ngā mate urutā, te mumura, te ahotea, te mate toto toto tiketike, me ētahi atu mate wheua. He maha ngā wā ka puta he leukocytosis hei akiaki i ētahi atu rangahau hei whakatau i te take matua.
Te iti o te maha o ngā toto toto iti (Leukopenia)
Mā te hekenga o te maha o ngā WBC ka nui ake te pāngia o te tangata e ngā mate. Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te HIV/AIDS, te ngoikore o te hinu wheua, ngā mate pūnaha ārai mate, me ētahi rongoā te arahi ki te leukopenia. Ko te tikanga, ka aro te maimoatanga ki te pūtake o te mate.
Nga mate mahi
Ko ētahi mate ira, pērā i te mate granulomatous mau tonu (CGD), ka whakararu i te kaha o ngā toto toto ki te mahi tika. He maha ngā wā ka puta mai ngā mate urutā i ēnei āhuatanga, ā, me whai rautaki whakahaere motuhake.
Opaniraa
Ko ngā toto toto mā ngā toa o te pūnaha ārai mate. Mai i te kitenga tuatahi me te whakangaromanga o ngā mate ki te whakarite i ngā urupare ārai mate matatini, he maha, he mea nui hoki ā rātou mahi. Mā te mārama ki ngā momo me ngā mahi rerekē o ngā WBC, ehara i te mea ka hohonu ake tō tātou māramatanga ki te pūnaha ārai mate engari ka āwhina hoki i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā maimoatanga me ngā rongoā mō ngā mate maha. Kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau e whakaatu ana i ngā taipitopito uaua ake mō ēnei pūtau whakamīharo, e whakaatu ana i tō rātou mahi nui ki te pupuri i te hauora o te tangata.
Mā te maioha ki te uauatanga me te whai huatanga o ngā pūtau toto ma, ka mārama tātou ki tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino taketake o ā tātou tikanga parepare koiora, e whakaatu ana i te whakamiharo o ngā urupare ārai mate ā-roto me te urutau o te tinana tangata.
