Te Whai Hua o te Whakamahinga Wai i roto i te Mahi Ahuwhenua Ika
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o te whai huatanga o te wai i roto i te mahi pāmu ika nā te pikinga ake o te hiahia kai, te huringa āhuarangi, me te pēhanga ki ngā rauemi wai māori. He maha ngā wā e kiia ana he "ōhanga" ake te mahi pāmu ika i ētahi atu momo whakaputa pūmua kararehe, engari e whakaatu ana ngā mahi mara ka taea te maumau i te whakamahinga o te wai mena kāore i te pai te hoahoa o te pūnaha pāmu. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te penapena utu anake te whai huatanga o te wai, engari he rautaki hoki mō te pupuri i te pumau o te taiao me te whakarite i te pumau mō te wā roa o ngā mahi ahuwhenua ika.
He aha te hiranga o te whai huatanga o te wai?
Ehara i te mea he puna ora anake te wai i roto i ngā pāmu ika, engari he "pūnaha kawe" hoki mō te hāora, te kai, me te tango i ngā para pākia pērā i te haukini me te nitrite. Mā te kounga wai ngoikore ka whakaiti i te tipu, ka whakanui ake i te ahotea, ka puta he pakarutanga o ngā mate, ā, ka mate nui hoki. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakawhiti wai pinepine rawa me te kore e āta whakaarohia ka piki ake ngā utu hiko (mō ngā papu), ngā utu maimoatanga wai, ā, ka poke pea te taiao mēnā kei roto i te wai para he toenga kai me ngā paru.
I ngā rohe e wātea ana te wai i ngā wā o te tau, i ngā wāhi rānei e whakataetae ana te mahi ahuwhenua me ngā hiahia o te whare me te ahuwhenua, he mea nui anō hoki te whakamahi pai i te wai mō te haere tonu o te pakihi. Ko ngā kaipāmu e kaha ana ki te whakaputa ika me te iti o te wai ka kaha ake te ātete ki te tauraki me ngā piki me ngā heke o te tuku.
Ngā pūtake o te para wai i roto i te mahi pāmu ika
He maha ngā take e puta ai te para wai. Tuatahi, ko te whakahaere whāngai ngoikore. Ka pirau, ka heke te kounga o te wai i te nui o te para kai, ka akiaki i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakawhiti i te wai i ngā wā katoa. Tuarua, ko ngā kikī kararehe kāore e rite ki te kaha o te pūnaha. Ko ngā kikī nui me te kore e tika te hau me te tātari ka tere te piki o ngā taumata haukini. Tuatoru, ko te hoahoa roto/whare herehere kāore i te tino pai: ngā turuturu, te rerenga mai me te rerenga kore e taea te whakahaere, te kore rānei o te pūnaha tukurua. Tuawhā, ko te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi pūnaha rere tonu (rere-mā roto) me te kore e tukatuka para. He ngāwari te whakahaere i ēnei pūnaha engari ka nui te wai e hiahiatia ana.
Mā te mārama ki ngā pūtake o ngā para ka āwhina i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakatau i ngā rautaki whai hua tino tika, nā te mea ehara i te mea ko ngā mahi katoa e hiahia ana ki te hangarau utu nui—he maha ngā wā ka nui te pānga o ngā whakapainga ngāwari.
Ngā rautaki hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te wai: mai i te māmā ki te kaha
1) Te whakahaere whāngai tika
Ko te kai te wāhanga utu nui rawa atu i roto i te mahi pāmu ika, ā, he tino take hoki o te hekenga o te kounga o te wai. Me whakarite te whāngai kia rite ki te rahi o te ika, te pāmahana, te momo kai, me te hiahia o ia rā. Ko te tikanga noa ko te whāngai i ngā wāhanga iti (whāngai wehe) me te tirotiro i ngā urupare kai. Mā te whakamahi i ngā paepae whāngai mō ngā ika motuhake, mā te aroturuki rānei i ngā wāhi kohikohi ika ka taea te whakaiti i te para kai.
I ngā mea matatau ake, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whakamahi i ngā whāngai aunoa me ngā taima, ngā pūoko rānei. Ahakoa he nui ake te haumitanga tuatahi, ko te penapena kai me te kounga wai pumau ka ea te utu. Ko te iti o te moumou kai, ko te iti ake o te whakawhiti wai.
2) He pai te rere o te hau me te tohanga toto
He maha ngā kaimahi pāmu e whakawhiti ana i te wai nā te mea kei te ahua hau te ika, kei te heke rānei te kounga o te wai. Heoi, ko te raruraru he kore o te hāora rewa me te kohikohinga o ngā hau paitini. Mā te hauhautanga (ngā wira, ngā pupuhi, ngā kaiwhakahau toka) ka whakanui ake i te hāora, ā, ka āwhina i ngā huakita whakapūkara hauota ki te mahi pai ake. Mā te pai o te rere o te wai ka ārai hoki i ngā rohe "mate" i raro i te puna, te wāhi e kohikohi ai te paru waro.
Mā te hau e tika ana, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te pupuri i te kounga o te wai mō te wā roa, me te kore e moumou nui i te wai.
3) Te whakahaere para totoka
Ka hangaia ngā para ika me ngā toenga kai hei totoka me te paru. Ki te kore e rongoatia, ka pirau ēnei mea rauropi hei haukini, ā, ka pau te hāora. Ko ngā huarahi māmā ki te whakahaere i ngā para totoka i roto i ngā roto ko te mimiti i te raro o ngā roto tāpaurinini, ngā tāke rānei, me te whakamahi i ngā roto paru i mua i te tukunga o te wai ki te taiao.
I roto i ngā pūnaha kaha ake, ka taea e ngā tātari ā-ringa pērā i ngā tātari pahu, ngā tātari mata rānei te tango i ngā matūriki i mua i te hokinga mai o te wai ki te roto. Mā te tango wawe i ngā mea totoka, ka heke te kawenga koiora, ā, ka heke te hiahia mō ngā whakawhiti wai.
4) Te huarahi tātari koiora me te hurihanga anō (RAS)
He hangarau whakamahi wai tino whai hua te Pūnaha Whakatipu Wai Anō (RAS). Ko te kaupapa matua ko te hangarua i te wai mā roto i tētahi raupapa tātari miihini me te koiora (tātari koiora) hei huri i te haukini hei nitrites haumaru ake, kātahi hei nitrates. Mā te RAS ka taea te mahi whakatipu me te iti noa o te whakawhiti wai, i ētahi wā hei utu noa i ngā ngaronga nā te mimiti, te tango paru rānei.
Heoi, me whakahaere te RAS i ngā mahi hangarau tino pakari: te whakahaere i te hāora, te pH, te kawakore, te pāmahana, me te horoi o te tātari koiora. He nui ake hoki te haumi ki ngā taputapu—ngā papu, te hauhautanga, ngā tātari koiora, te UV, te ozone rānei (kāore he whiringa). Nō reira, he pai te RAS mō ngā taonga utu nui, ngā wāhi rānei he nui te korenga o te wai.
5) Pūnaha koiora-pūmua: te whakamahi i ngā moroiti hei "kaihoroi"
Ko te Biofloc he huarahi e whakamahi ana i ngā hapori moroiti hei whakapūmau i te hauota (haukini) ki roto i te koiora moroiti mā te whakahaere i te ōwehenga waro-ki-hauota (C/N). Mā te kaha o te hau me te tāpiri i tētahi pūtake waro (hei tauira, te molasses), ka tipu ngā moroiti hei hanga i ngā putunga ka taea te kai e ētahi momo ika me ngā kōura, me te pupuri tonu i te kounga o te wai.
Ko ngā painga o te biofloc ko te whakaiti i ngā whakaritenga whakawhiti wai me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whāngai. Heoi, me āta aroturuki tēnei pūnaha, inā koa mō te hau, ngā totoka i whakatārewatia, me te pumau o te pH. Mena he teitei rawa ngā taumata totoka, ka heke te kounga o te wai.
6) Te whakaurunga ki ngā tipu (aquaponics)
Ka whakakotahihia e te Aquaponics te mahi pāmu ika me te hydroponics. Ka hurihia e ngā huakita ngā matūkai mai i ngā para ika ki tētahi āhua ka taea e ngā tipu te mimiti. Kātahi ka āwhina ngā tipu ki te pure i te wai i mua i te whakahokinga ki te puna ika. Ka taea e tēnei pūnaha te tino whai hua i te wai nā te mea ka whakaitihia te wai para, ā, ka puta ngā hua e rua i te wā kotahi: te ika me ngā huawhenua.
Heoi anō, me whai taurite te whakatipu ika me ngā tipu ki te aquaponics. Kāore e pai ana ngā tipu katoa, ā, kāore hoki e ngāwari te whakauru i ngā tauine pakihi katoa. Heoi anō, he mea ātaahua te aquaponics mō ngā whare me ngā pakihi iti ki te rahi.
Te ine: te kī ki te whai huatanga tuturu
Kāore e taea te whakatau tata i te pai o te wai. Me ine tonu ngā kaimahi pāmu i ngā tawhā nui, pēnei i:
– Hāora rewa (DO)
– pH
- Te pāmahana
– Haukini (NH3/NH4+), nitrite (NO2-), me te nitrate (NO3-)
– Te paru, ngā totoka whakatārewatia rānei
Mā ngā tuhinga o ia rā ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā tauira: hei tauira, ka piki te haukini i muri i te panonitanga o te momo whāngai, ka heke rānei te DO i te ata. Mā ngā raraunga, ka taea te mahi whakatikatika tere ake me te kore e hiahiatia he panoni nui o te wai.
Te whakahaere i ngā wai para kia kore ai e poke te taiao
Ehara i te mea ko te whai hua te tikanga kia kaua e moumou wai, engari me tuku atu i runga i te mohio me te kawenga. Ka taea e te wai para nui te whakamomona i ngā awa, i ngā roto rānei, te whakaoho i te puāwaitanga o ngā rimurimu, me te whakaiti i ngā taumata hāora mō ngā kararehe mohoao. Ko ngā mahi e taunakitia ana ko ngā puna wai e tau ana, ngā tātari māmā, te whakamahi rānei i ngā repo kua hangaia hei whakaiti i ngā kawenga matūkai i mua i te tukunga o te wai. Haunga te whakapai ake i ngā pānga ki te taiao, ka whakaitihia hoki e te maimoatanga wai para te tūponotanga o te pakanga ki ngā hapori huri noa.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whai huatanga o te wai i roto i te mahi pāmu ika he huinga o te whakahaere pai o te whāngai, te whakahaere kounga wai, te whakahaere para, me te whiriwhiri i tētahi pūnaha pāmu tika. Mā ngā mahi ngāwari pēnei i te whakaiti i te moumou kai, te whakapai ake i te hau, me te tango i te paru ka taea te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā whakawhiti wai. Mō te mahi pāmu tauine kaha ake, ko ngā hangarau pēnei i te RAS, te biofloc, me te aquaponics ka tuku i te whai huatanga nui o te wai, ahakoa me nui ake te pūkenga me te haumi. Hei whakamutunga, ko ngā kaipāmu e whakatairanga ana i te whai huatanga o te wai ehara i te mea ka penapena moni anake engari ka hanga pakihi he kaha ake te ātete ki ngā raruraru wai me te pai ake o te taiao.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki ngā momo ika motuhake (te ika kātī, te tilapia, te pātini, te kūrami, te koi) ki ngā tauine pakihi motuhake rānei (i te kāinga, i ngā roto oneone, i ngā roto tāpaurinī, i ngā pūnaha RAS/biofloc kaha rānei).
