Me pēhea te whakamahi i ngā paru kararehe hei pūngao
He maha ngā wā ka tirohia ngā para kararehe hei raruraru: ka puta he haunga, ka poke te wai, ka puta ngā amuamu a te marea, ā, ka taea pea te kawe mate. Heoi anō, he puna tino whai hua anō hoki ngā para kararehe mō te pūngao hou. Ko te paru kararehe mai i ngā kau, ngā kau kau, ngā koati, ngā hipi, me ngā heihei, me ngā para wai mai i ngā whare witi, he nui ngā rauemi rauropi ka taea te tukatuka hei hau koiora, hei hiko, hei wahie totoka rānei. Mā te whakahaere tika, ka taea e ngā kaimahi kararehe te whakaiti i ngā utu pūngao, te whakapai ake i te akuaku o te whare witi, me te hanga i ngā hua taha whai hua ā-ōhanga pērā i te tongi rauropi.
E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga te whakamahinga o ngā paru kararehe hei pūngao, ngā hangarau e wātea ana, ngā mahi whakatinanatanga, ngā painga, me ngā wero e tika ana kia matapaetia.
He aha te kaha o ngā paru kararehe ki te huri hei pūngao?
Ko te tikanga, kei roto i te paru kararehe te waro, te hauwai, me ētahi atu matū waro pirau. Ina tukatukahia i raro i ētahi āhuatanga—hei tauira, me te kore hāora (anaerobic)—ka pakaruhia e ngā moroiti te mea waro ka puta he methane (CH₄) me te hauhā waro (CO₂). Ko te methane te wāhanga matua o te hau koiora, ā, ka taea te tahu hei whakaputa wera, hei whakakaha rānei i te miihini whakaputa hiko.
Haunga te methane, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā paru kararehe hei pūtake pūngao mā te tahunga tika i muri i te whakamaroke (hei tauira, i roto i te take o te paru heihei), mā roto rānei i ētahi atu hangarau pēnei i te whakapūngao me te whakapūngao. Ko te whiriwhiri i te hangarau ka whakawhirinaki ki te momo kararehe, te rahi o te pakihi, te wātea o te wai, me ngā hiahia pūngao o te rohe.
1) Ko te hau koiora: te mea tino rongonui, ā, he pai hoki mō te tini o ngā kaimahi pāmu.
Te mahi a te hau koiora
Ka puta te hau koiora mā te whakapūkara anaerobic i roto i tētahi tauhohenga e kiia nei ko te digester. Ka konatunatua te rauemi mata (te paru kararehe) ki te wai i tētahi ōwehenga motuhake, kātahi ka whāngaihia ki roto i te digester. Ka puta mai i tēnei tukanga:
– Ko te hau koiora, kei roto i te nuinga o te wā he 50–70% te methane
– He paru/he toenga whakapūkara, he toenga whakapūkara e whai kiko tonu ana i ngā matūkai, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei tongi wai/totoka
Te whakamahinga o te hau koiora
Ka taea te whakamahi i te hau koiora mō:
– Te tunu kai (whakakapinga LPG)
– He whakamahana wai, he whakamahana whare herehere rānei i ngā wāhi makariri
– He pūkaha hiko (he pūkaha hau koiora) hei whakamārama i te whare witi, i ngā papu wai, me ngā mea e hiahiatia ana e te whare
– Te wahie pūwero i roto i ngā pakihi tukatuka kai, kararehe rānei kua whakauruhia
Ngā painga matua
– Ka whakaiti i te haunga me te nui o ngā namu
– Ka whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi (kāore e tukuna noa te methane ki te rangi)
– Ka whakaputa i te tongi rauropi he pumau ake, he haumaru ake hoki
Tauine o te whakatinanatanga
– Tauine ā-whare: He nui ngā kau e 2–6 mō te hau koiora māmā (kei te hoahoa me te whakamahinga).
– Tauine ā-iwi: ka mahi tahi ētahi kaimahi pāmu ki te tuku rauemi mata ki tētahi mīhini keri kai tahi.
– Tauine ahumahi: ka taea e ngā pāmu he rau ki te mano ngā tipu te hanga i ngā whakaurunga hau koiora nui me te hoko hiko.
2) Ngā tipu hiko hau koiora (PLTBg) mō te tauine waenga-rahi
Mena he nui te maha o ngā kararehe, ā, ka kohia tonutia ngā para, ka taea te whakamahi i te hau koiora hei whakaputa hiko. Ko te tikanga, kei roto i te pūnaha:
– Pūwero nui te kaha
– Pūnaha horoi hau (ka whakaitihia te H₂S me te mamaoa wai kia roa ai te ora o te mīhini)
– Pūmau hau (rokiroki)
– Te pūwhakaputa hau koiora me te papa tohatoha
Ko ngā painga matua o ngā tipu hiko koiora (PLTBg) ko te kore e whakawhirinaki ki te pūngao me te whai huatanga o ngā utu whakahaere mō te wā roa. I ētahi wāhi, ka taea hoki te hoko hiko ki te whatunga hiko (i runga i ngā ture ā-rohe). Heoi, me āta whakaaro ki te haumitanga tuatahi, ngā whakaritenga tiaki mīhini, me te pumau o ngā rauemi mata.
3) Ngā paraikete, ngā pire rānei mai i te paru kararehe: pūngao totoka
Mō ētahi momo para, inā koa ko te paru heihei, ko te ranunga paru me te kiri raihi, te kakau witi, me te puehu rakau rānei, ka whakaarohia pea ngā kōwhiringa pūngao totoka. Ko te tukanga whānui e whai ake nei:
1. Te whakamaroke i te rauemi (te whakaiti i te nui o te wai)
2. Te whakaranu ki ētahi atu rauemi koiora (mēnā e tika ana)
3. Te pēhi ki roto i ngā pereki/piriti
4. Te tahunga mō te tunu kai, te whakamahana rānei
He pai te pūngao mai i ngā paraikete mō ngā mahi e hiahia ana ki te wera, pērā i te whakamaroke i ngā hua whenua, te whakamahana rānei i te wai. Ko te wero ko te whakahaere i te haunga i te wā whakamaroke me te whakarite kia kore e puta he paowa nui i te tahunga. He tino taunaki kia whakamahia he oumu whai hua ake.
4) Te whakapūngao me te whakapūngao: ngā hangarau matatau
I roto i tētahi kaupapa nui ake, i tētahi kaupapa auaha rānei, ka taea te tukatuka i ngā para totoka (te paru maroke, te rauropi whakauru o te whare witi) mā roto i:
– Te whakapūhautanga: ka puta he hau hanga (syngas) ka taea te tahu hei wera/hiko.
– Te whakawera i te waikura: te whakamahana me te kore hāora hei whakaputa hinu koiora, hau, me te waro koiora.
He hangarau whai hua tēnei, engari he uaua ake, e hiahia ana ki te whakahaere tukanga pakari, me te haumitanga me te tohungatanga hangarau teitei ake i te koiora hau.
Ngā mahi whai hua hei tīmata ki te whakamahi i te para hei pūngao
1. Arotakenga para me ngā whakaritenga pūngao
Tatau:
– Te maha o ngā kararehe me te whakatau tata o te hanga paru i ia rā
– Te wātea o te wai (he mea nui mō ngā pūnaha hau koiora mākū)
– Ngā whakaritenga pūngao: te tunu kai, te hiko, te wera tukatuka rānei
Mā tēnei taahiraa ka whakatau mēnā he pai ake te whakamahi i te hau koiora, i te paraikete, i tētahi atu pūnaha rānei.
2. Kōwhiria te hangarau kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga
– Mena he wai kei reira, ā, he mākū te paru kararehe: ko te koiora te mea tino whai hua.
– Mena he maroke te para, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakakīkī: ka taea te whiriwhiri i ngā parakihe/ngā pirepire.
– Mēnā he ahumahi te tauine, ā, e hiahia ana koe ki te hiko nui: PLTBg me te purenga hau.
3. Hangaia he pūnaha kohikohi para kia ma
Ko te angitu o tētahi kaupapa pūngao e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te whakahaeretanga o te wāhi tiaki:
– He awa mō te kohikohi paru me te mimi
– Tāke rokiroki rangitahi
– Te wehe i ngā mea ke (onepu, kōhatu, kirihou) kia kore ai e pakaru te taputapu
4. Whakahaerehia me te whai whakaaro nui
Mō te hau koiora, he mea nui te pumau o te tukanga:
– Whakauruhia ngā rauemi i ia rā, i ia wiki rānei
– Kia mau tonu te ōwehenga o te ranunga paru-wai
– Āraia ngā matū kino e uru ana ki roto i te mīhini keri (ka taea e te nui rawa o te patu huakita te patu i ngā huakita)
5. Whakamahia ngā hua taha (tonga)
Ka taea e te nakunaku mai i te hau koiora te:
– Whakamahia hei tongi wai mō ngā tipu whāngai kararehe
– Kua whakakōhuatia hei tongi totoka
– Ka whakaiti i ngā hoko tongi matū mēnā ka whakahaerea pai
Mā te whakamahi i te tongi, ka piki ake te uara ōhanga o te kaupapa, ā, ka tere ake te wā whakahoki moni.
Ngā painga mō ngā kaimahi pāmu me te taiao
1. Penapenahia ngā utu pūngao: whakaitihia te hoko LPG, te hiko, te wahie rānei.
2. Taiao ma: ka whakaitihia te parahanga wai me ngā haunga kino.
3. Tautoko i te mahi ahuwhenua whakauru: ka huri te para hei pūngao, ka huri te para tukatuka hei tongi, ka whakahokia ngā hua whāngai kararehe ki ngā kararehe.
4. Whakaitihia ngā tukunga: he pai ake te hopu me te tahu i te methane mō te āhuarangi i te tukunga ki te rangi.
5. Ngā huarahi whiwhi moni hou: te hoko tongi rauropi, te hiko (mēnā ka taea), ngā ratonga tukatuka para rānei.
Ngā wero me pēhea te wikitoria i aua wero
– Te haumitanga tuatahi: ko ngā otinga ka taea he kaupapa ā-iwi, he tautoko a te kāwanatanga/CSR, he nama matomato rānei.
– Te Tiaki me te Rauemi Tangata: me whai whakangungu kaiwhakahaere, ngā wātaka tiaki, me ngā wāhanga e wātea ana.
– Te ōritetanga o ngā rauemi mata: kia pumau te maha o ngā kararehe, kia auau hoki te whakahaere i te pūnaha kohikohi paru.
– Te whakaae a te hapori: te toro atu ki ngā kainoho o te rohe, inā koa mō te whakaiti i te haunga me te whakapai ake i te akuaku.
Te Katinga
Ehara i te mea he otinga hangarau noa iho te whakamahi i ngā para kararehe hei pūngao, engari he rautaki ōhanga me te taiao e whakakaha ana i a rātou anō. Ko te hau koiora te kōwhiringa tino rongonui nā te mea he māmā noa iho, he pai mō ngā tauine rerekē, me te whakaputa tongi hei hua taha. I taua wā, ko te whakapūkara, te whakapūkara hau, me te whakakorikori ka tukuna atu he whai wāhitanga anō, inā koa mō ngā para totoka me ngā tono tauine nui. Ko te kī ki te angitu kei roto i te whakamahere wawe: te aromatawai i te kaha o te para, te whiriwhiri i te hangarau tika, te whakatū i tētahi pūnaha kohikohinga whai hua, me te mahi tonu.
Mā ngā mahi tika, ka taea te huri i ngā para kararehe mai i te raruraru hei puna pūngao hou e tautoko ana i te mana motuhake o ngā kararehe, e whakapai ake ana i te kounga o te taiao, ā, e whakapakari ana hoki i te haumarutanga pūngao i te taumata ā-rohe.
