Huringa Enthalpy i te Āhua Paerewa
He ariā taketake te enthalpy i roto i te thermodynamics e āwhina ana i a tātou ki te mārama ki te whakawhiti pūngao i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū me ngā tukanga ā-tinana. I roto i te tikanga whānui, ko te enthalpy (H) te tapeke o te pūngao ā-roto o tētahi pūnaha me te hua o te pēhanga (P) me te rōrahi (V) o taua pūnaha. I roto i ngā kupu pāngarau, ka whakaatuhia te enthalpy hei H = U + PV, ko U te pūngao ā-roto o te pūnaha.
I roto i te horopaki o te matū, ko te huringa enthalpy (\(\Delta H\)) ko te rerekētanga o te enthalpy i waenga i ngā hua me ngā matū tauhohe i roto i te tauhohenga matū. Ina mātakitaki tātou i ngā tauhohenga matū i roto i te taiwhanga, i te taiao rānei, he maha ngā wā ka hiahia tātou ki te ine me te mārama ki te huringa o te enthalpy i te wā o te tauhohenga.
Āhua Paerewa
Ka whakamahia ngā tikanga paerewa hei tohutoro, hei tīmatanga rānei mō ngā inenga enthalpy, kia māmā ake ai tā tātou whakataurite i ngā tauhohenga me ngā tikanga rerekē. Ko ngā tikanga paerewa i roto i te matū ka tautuhia penei:
1. Pēhanga: 1 hau (atm) 1 pae rānei.
2. Pāmahana: Ko te tikanga he 298,15 K (25°C), ahakoa ka rerekē pea ngā pāmahana paerewa i runga i te horopaki.
3. Kukū: 1 M mō te otinga.
4. Āhua ā-tinana: ko te āhua ā-tinana paerewa te wāhanga tino pumau o tētahi matū i taua pāmahana me taua pēhanga.
Ina kōrero tātou mō te "huringa enthalpy i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa," ko te tikanga e kōrero ana tātou mō te huringa enthalpy o tētahi tauhohenga matū e puta ana i raro i aua āhuatanga paerewa.
Ngā Momo Huringa Enthalpy
He maha ngā momo huringa enthalpy e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i te matū, ia momo e whakaahua ana i ngā tukanga ā-tinana, ā-matū rānei.
1. Te Enthalpy o te Hanganga (ΔHf°): Koinei te huringa enthalpy ina hangaia he mole kotahi o tētahi matū mai i ōna huānga i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa. Hei tauira, ki te hangaia he wai (H2O) mai i te hau hauwai (H2) me te hau hāora (O2) i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa, ko te huringa enthalpy e pā ana ko te enthalpy paerewa o te hanganga o te wai.
\[ 2H_2 (g) + O_2 (g) \perematau 2H_2O (l) \]
Ka inehia te huringa enthalpy mō tēnei tauhohenga hei ΔHf°.
2. Te Enthalpy o te Tahunga (ΔHc°): Koinei te panoni enthalpy ina tahuna katoatia te kotahi mole o tētahi matū i roto i te hāora i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa. Hei tauira, ko te tahunga o te methane (CH4) i roto i te hāora:
\[ CH_4 (g) + 2O_2 (g) \perematau CO_2 (g) + 2H_2O (l) \]
Ko te huringa enthalpy mō tēnei tauhohenga ko te enthalpy paerewa o te tahunga o te methane.
3. Enthalpy o te Wehewehenga (ΔHd°): Koinei te huringa enthalpy e hiahiatia ana hei wawahi i te kotahi mole o tētahi hononga motuhake i roto i tētahi ngota hau i raro i ngā tikanga paerewa. Hei tauira, ko te wehenga o ngā ngota chlorine (Cl2) ki roto i ngā ngota chlorine:
\[ Cl_2 (g) \rightarrow 2Cl (g) \]
Ko te enthalpy i inehia ko te enthalpy wetewete paerewa mō te here Cl-Cl.
4. Te Enthalpy o te Kohu (ΔHvap°): Koinei te huringa enthalpy ina mimiti tetahi mole o te wai hei hau i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa.
\[ H_2O (l) \perematau H_2O (g) \]
He mea nui tēnei huringa i roto i te āhuatanga o te huringa āhua.
Te Mātāpono a Hess
Ko tētahi o ngā ture tino whai hua i roto i te thermodynamics matū ko te Ture a Hess. E kī ana tēnei ture ko te huringa enthalpy o tētahi tauhohenga whānui he rite ki te tapeke taurangi o ngā huringa enthalpy o ngā taahiraa tauhohenga iti ake. Arā, ko te huringa enthalpy he āhuatanga o te āhua—e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhua tīmatanga me ngā āhua whakamutunga anake, kaua ki te ara i tangohia.
Hei tauira, ki te kore e taea e tātou te ine tika i te huringa enthalpy o tētahi tauhohenga engari e mōhio ana ki ngā enthalpy o ētahi tauhohenga e pā ana, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i te Ture a Hess hei tatau i te huringa enthalpy.
Te Ine i te Huringa Enthalpy
Ko te ine tika i te huringa enthalpy o tētahi tauhohenga ka mahia mā te whakamahi i tētahi calorimeter. Ko te Calorimetry he tikanga whakamātautau e ine ana i te wera e tukuna ana, e mimitihia ana rānei e tētahi pūnaha. Ko ngā momo calorimeter e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
1. Ine kaha pūngao: Ka whakamahia tēnei hei ine i te huringa enthalpy o te mura. Ka whakanohoia te tauira ki roto i tētahi ipu kati e kiia nei ko te pūngao, ā, ka tahuna ki roto i te āhuarangi hāora parakore. Ka inehia te wera i tukuna i te wā mura hei whakatau i te ΔHc°.
2. Mita Karorimi Wairewa: Ka whakamahia ina puta he tauhohenga i roto i tētahi wairewa, ina tukuna, ka mimitia rānei te wera ka puta he huringa pāmahana i roto i te wairewa. Ka taea te ine i te huringa pāmahana ki te huringa enthalpy mā te whakamahi i te kaha wera motuhake o te wairewa.
Ngā Taupānga i roto i te Oranga o Ia Rā
He maha ngā whakamahinga whai hua o ngā huringa enthalpy. Ko ētahi tauira ko:
1. Ahumahi Pūngao: He mea nui te mōhio ki te enthalpy o te tahunga o ngā wahie pūmua mō te hoahoa me te arotau i ngā tipu hiko me ngā pūnaha whakamahana.
2. Hauora me te Hauora: I roto i te whanaketanga rongoā, mā te mārama ki ngā huringa enthalpy o ngā tauhohenga ka pā ki te pumau o te rongoā me ngā tikanga rokiroki.
3. Taiao: He maha ngā wā ka uru ngā huringa enthalpy ki ngā tauhohenga matū i roto i te āhuarangi me te ao koiora e pā ana ki te taurite o te pūnaha rauropi me te āhuarangi o te ao.
4. Kai me te Ahuwhenua: Kei roto hoki i te tukatuka kai me te hanga koiora o ngā pūhui nui i roto i ngā rauropi ora ngā huringa enthalpy.
Te Katinga
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā panonitanga enthalpy i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa i roto i te matū me te thermodynamics, i roto i ngā ariā me ngā mahi. He taputapu tino whai hua tēnei mō te matapae me te whakahaere i ngā putanga o ngā tauhohenga matū, me te whakarato hoki i ngā māramatanga hohonu ake ki te rere o te pūngao i roto i ngā pūnaha rerekē. Mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te Ture a Hess me ngā tikanga calorimetry, ka taea e tātou te ine me te whakamahi i ngā panonitanga enthalpy mō ngā momo tono whai hua i roto i te pūtaiao me te hangarau.
